The Culture Of Popular Culture - 860 Words

Studying popular culture reveals the culture of society at the time. Further, popular culture reveals the underlying belief, power structures, and philosophical and moral frame of the society that produces those cultural products. Studying popular culture gives us an accessible vehicle through which to explore philosophical and moral questions, as well as the functioning of society on a smaller scale (fan based, consumption), through which we can make larger assumptions. Studies of popular culture may be broad based or very specific, depending on who is conducting the studies. Popular culture includes cultural artifacts, such as books, films, music genre, as well as how the culture is being marketed and the market that is being targeted. One such popular culture was riot grrrl†¦ which occurred during the early ‘90s. The main objective of this movement was to make feminism cool again and to get more young girls involved. â€Å"Riott Grrrl encouraged women and girls to take control of the means of cultural production and be part of ‘revolution girl-style now’ through music and zines (short for â€Å"fanziness’, that is, fan magazines produced by fans themselves) that put their own personal experiences at the forefront† (Schilt, 115). By the late 1980’s, many women were disenchanted with the punk scene during this time. Riot grrrl†¦ was instrumental in bringing back every day, down-to-earth issues into the feminist spotlight. This popular culture allowed women and girls anShow MoreRelatedThe Culture Of Popular Culture Essay1920 Words   |  8 PagesPopular culture is a term that holds various meanings depending on where it s being defined and the context of its us e. It is usually recognized as the language or people’s culture that prevails in a society at a point in time. As social researcher Brummett explains in his book â€Å"Rhetorical Dimensions of Popular Culture†, pop culture reflects the characteristics of social life, where the publicly are most actively involved. Popular culture is known as the ‘culture of the people’. This culture isRead MorePopular Culture1137 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is popular (low) culture? Popular culture is a symbolic expression allegedly aligned with the questionable tastes of the masses, who enjoy commercial junk circulated by the mass media, such as soap operas, rock music, talk radio, comic books, and monster truck pulls (Campbell, 18). When looking at the high-low hierarchy it often determines the way people view culture as a whole today, saying high culture is good taste and low culture is questionable taste. Many audiences take for grantedRead MorePopular Culture High Cult ure818 Words   |  4 PagesPopular Culture High Culture Popular culture is the culture that prevails in a modern society, adopted and appealing to large masses of people, normally the middle class citizens. Culture consists of the customs and civilizations of a particular group. Popular culture means that arte facts and styles of human expression develop from the creativity of ordinary people, and circulate among people according to their interests, preferences, and tastes. Popular culture is an ever-changing phenomenonRead MoreFolk Culture And Popular Culture1499 Words   |  6 Pagesare just a few different rituals and cultures that exist all around our world. They might not be what we call â€Å"normal,† but to those who are practicing them, they are part of their popular or folk culture, and for them, are completely normal. Perspective is everything. The main difference between folk and popular culture is the impact it has on society. Folk culture is usually practiced within a small group of people or city. On the other hand, popular culture is seen in a large group or countryRead MoreSoccer, A Popular Culture : Soccer As A Popular Culture1024 Words   |  5 PagesSoccer as a Popular Culture The soccer history dates back to more than thousands of years ago to the ancient China. Later, countries such as Greece, Central America as well as Rome have claimed to have been the origin of soccer. However, England is the country that have developed soccer to what we know today as football. Britain was the first country to develop the initial rules on uniform for soccer as well as stopping players from tripping their opponents and using their hands to touch the ballRead MorePopular Culture And Popular Music2034 Words   |  9 Pages‘Popular music has been called the soundtracks to our lives: we can hear it on the radio, through our computers, on our iPods or mobile phone, via a CD player or vinyl record deck, piped into shops, and during television adverts and programmes’ (Wall, 2013), music is all around it which makes it such a massive part of popular culture. This essay will explore the study of Popular Culture, in relation to popular music, how it’s chang ed and why it is so important. It plays a crucial role as it is aRead MoreThe Popular Culture And The Vision Of Pop Culture852 Words   |  4 Pagesnumerous beautiful cultures in this world we all follow, one of them is called Pop Culture. It’s defined as events where a lot of people is affected and attracted by the mass media. It’s like a cultural artifact that’s created by humans for information. This phenomenon began around World War 2 times when innovations in mass media led to significant cultural and social changes. It began to merge with the dealings of mass culture, consumer culture, image culture, media culture and culture in general forRead MoreConsequences of Popular Culture1060 Words   |  5 PagesConsequences of Popular Culture A Consequence can be defined as, Something that logically or naturally follows from an action or condition. In this matter we are referring to the consequences of Pop Culture towards violence. Violence in general has one meaning, an act of aggression. We will be examining three types of violence in our culture, Domestic violence, Youth violence, and of course Gun violence. We feel that all three of these types of violence have increased in today s society asRead MorePopular Culture is Not the Devil1056 Words   |  5 PagesPopular Culture Is Not The Devil Many people can agree that popular culture is invasive, but the opinions differ on how invasive it actually is and whether it is harmful or beneficial. In David Denby’s Buried Alive: Our Children and the Avalanche of Crud, he clearly states his opinion of popular culture and how it has invaded his home and the attitude of his children. The main source of popular culture according to Denby is the media, which has become â€Å"three-dimensional, inescapable, omnivorousRead MoreThe Popularity Of Popular Culture1369 Words   |  6 PagesNoorzaye September 21, 2014 Ms. Brown American popular culture Popular culture is made by the mainstream to influencing minds to like something. It describes the life style and tastes of the majority of mostly younger people. Some random popular culture these past few years would be; The Hunger Games, dubstep, raving, Illuminati theories, The Simpsons, Family Guy, Gucci, Polo, and these are just a few things from popular culture these past years. Popular culture affected me in many ways. I would say comic

Simple Solutions to Global Warming - 1552 Words

Simple Solutions to Global Warming Linda Hunt ITT Technical Institute Simple Solutions to Global Warming The most prominent concern that affects the environmental health of the world today is global warming. Although government agencies are making significant strides in providing solutions to global warming, the ultimate solution may lay in the hands of the individual citizens. Simple things, such as the way electricity is used in homes, the production of waste, and the choice of transportation can have a positive impact on global climate change. Merriam-Webster defines global warming as an increase in the Earth s atmospheric and oceanic temperatures widely predicted to occur due to an increase in the greenhouse effect resulting†¦show more content†¦* Purchase energy efficient electrical appliances, which use two to ten times less electricity for the same functionality, and are mostly higher quality products that last longer than the less efficient ones. * High efficiency refrigerators consume about100 kwh/year - this is 10 times less than the average in the U.S., and four times less than the EU average. * Clothes washing machines, models with a power consumption of less than 0.9 kwh/washing cycle and can spin at 1600 or 1800 rpm are most efficient. * Clothes dryers - there are two technologies that use far less energy: the gas-fired clothes dryer and the dryer with an electric heat pump. The gas-fired dryer is the best alternative, especially for more intensive use: it uses 60 percent less energy (including the gas) and dries 40 percent faster. However, line drying could be an option. * Dishwashers - an efficient model consumes no more than one kwh/washing cycle, compared with 1.4 kwh for an average model. * Computers - buy a laptop instead of a desktop, if practical. It consumes five times less electricity. Use one large power strip for your computer, broadband modem, scanner, printer, monitor, and speakers. Switch it off when equipment is not in use. This is aShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming : A Simple Solution1876 Word s   |  8 PagesGlobal Warming: A Simple Solution In 2015, for my Composition 1 Class, I wrote an essay called Global Warming: The Solution in Our Hands. There, I made a revision on the global warming, causes, and solutions. One of the solutions reviewed was capturing CO2 and its storage, for a long period of time, through industrial plants, underground geological formations, oceans, or other materials in Antarctica. An industrial response can contribute to a great solution. However, years later, I understand thatRead More Solutions to Global Warming Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pagesco-workers. There have even been movies made about it. The â€Å"it† is global warming. â€Å"Global warming refers to the global-average temperature increase that has been observed over the last one hundred years or more† (Spencer). Some experts argue that global warming is a result of human activities, while others believe the warming and cooling of the Earth’s atmosphere is a natural cycle. Supporters of human induced global w arming stress that since the Industrial Revolution we have released excessiveRead MoreEssay on Global Warming: Polar Bears are Endangered769 Words   |  4 PagesEssay Title: Polar bears are endangered Polar bears are one of the countless species who are endangered. They were one of the first animals affected by global warming and their population is heavily decreasing. Around 1980, the Arctic was as large as 8 million square kilometres. In 2011, studies show that the Arctic has reduced its size to 4.5 million square kilometers. In the future, will there be anything such as the Arctic? Scientist predict by 2040, only a fringe of ice will remain in NortheastRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Earth992 Words   |  4 Pagesgone along with all the people and animals dependent on them for their survival. Long, intense heat waves continue scorching the Earth. Global warming is a problem that some people choose to ignore. They claim it doesn’t exist. Global warming is real. It is time for people to stop ignoring it and start finding a solution. What is global warming? Global warming is the result of certain gases building up in the atmosphere that block heat from escaping. These gases are causing a temperature rise inRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal warming is directly causing the rise in temperature of the Earth. The melting of the polar ice caps causes some of the most pressing issues including the endangerment of species indigenous to this region and the rise of ocean levels. Global Warming Global warming is the steady rise of temperature of the Earth’s surface. What exactly causes global warming? Numerous sources fuel global warming, such as deforestation, permafrost, and even sunspots. Obviously, many factors contribute to thisRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Problem1654 Words   |  7 Pagesthis reason is global warming. Global warming is a problem that some people choose to ignore. They claim it does not exist. Global warming is real. It is time for people to stop ignoring it and start searching for a solution. Although many people do not believe in global warming, blaming the climate change on the sun, global warming is a serious danger to the Earth because it could have serious effects on the plant and animal populations. To fully grasp the effects of global warming, one must firstRead MoreDefining Global Warming1117 Words   |  5 Pages Global warming is a very broad subject. The official definition of global warming is an increase in the earth’s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from greenhouse effect. I translate this into the earth warming up; this might be caused by people. I personally think that global warming is man-made. Some processes that contribute to global warming are factories, cars, and many other objects that produce carbon dioxide. Global warming isRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Impact On Our Earth1676 Words   |  7 Pagesthat we, as a global society, contribute to everyday. These concerns create major impacts that pertains to much of the globe and the world in which we inhabit today, compared to the world we lived in 50 years ago. Frequent statements that contribute to the overall thought of global warming i nclude the following: how the community supplies detrimental factors to the Earth to cause global warming, and how can the community contribute to the repair of our vanishing Earth. Global warming is a seriousRead More Solutions to Global Warming Essay687 Words   |  3 PagesSolutions to Global Warming There are many solutions to reduce the amount of green house gases in the atmosphere, which causes Global Warming. A main culprit for global warming is the use of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons). If the use of CFCs was reduced, the number of greenhouse gases will be reduced by a great deal (however there are many other thing that cause dramatic amounts of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide). The items that contain Read MoreThe Comback of Global Warming733 Words   |  3 PagesThe Comeback of Global Warming (Global Warming vs. the environmental â€Å"solutions†) Who could turn or live back 50 decades ago without technologic advances, mass media invention and the most important pure air? Sometimes I spend time with my grandmother who lives in the interior of the island of Puerto Rico and I enjoy what she tells me her stories about her youth and the environment where she was surrounded. Suddenly she expresses me how she misses living in those times, when she used to go to

The Environmental Protection Agency ( Epa ) - 1470 Words

We live in a world where synthetic chemicals are routinely used for the production of essential components of modern life. As more research emerges correlations are made, chemicals are tested, and toxicants are identified, reengineered, and replaced with others equal in cause but unequal in effect. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the national authority tasked with this dynamic approach. The EPA defines hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) as â€Å"pollutants that are known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health effects, such as†¦ damage to the immune system, as well as neurological, reproductive†¦ developmental, respiratory and other health problems† (About Air Toxics, 2015). Potential sources range from volcanic eruptions†¦show more content†¦Fugitive emissions include equipment leaks, evaporative losses from surface impoundments and spills, and releases from building ventilation systems† (Release Reports, 2015). Point Source air emissions, also called stack air are emissions that â€Å"occur through confined air streams such as stack, vent, ducts, or pipes† (Release Reports, 2015). This paper will hereafter discuss HAPs in Boulder, Colorado where I was born. Boulder County is home to an estimated 313,333 people with a median age of 28.7. Furthermore, 5% of people are below age 5, 20.3% are below age 18, and 12.2% of people are 65 or older. There are 405.6 people per square mile but that number jumps to 3987.4 in city limits. 90.8% of the population is white. 2.42 people on average occupy any given home, the median household income is $67,956 and 14.2% of people are living below poverty. Lastly, 11.23% of people are uninsured (State and County Quick Facts, 2015). Boulder is over 5300 feet above sea level with an arid, sunny climate. The Rocky Mountains provide a backdrop that beckons residents to explore either by skiing, biking, hiking, kayaking, fishing, or more. Toluene is the seventh largest fug itive air emission in the greater Denver area. In 2014 the EPA estimated that 22,906 pounds were released not through a confined air stream, and an additional 65,805 pounds were released through a confined

The Future Of Solar Energy - 2007 Words

Almost everywhere there is technology, and what does technology require? Energy. Such a simple answer, but where does it come from? That is a question many tend to overlook. There are many energy resources that are being harnessed in this modern age, all of which are truly interesting in their own special ways, but solar energy seems to stand out. The idea that mankind can concentrate the Sun’s light and turn it into energy for personal use is very interesting. Although solar energy does have its drawbacks, its importance and potential should not be ignored. It has huge promise as developments are being made everyday. There is a chance that solar energy could very well be the solution to the current energy crisis that faces mankind. As time has passed, even over the past decade, its presence has increased. There are also many advantages of going solar, and because of its availability it is being harnessed in many different regions all around the world. From its pr imitive beginnings to now it has undergone many dramatic changes, and if it continues to evolve it may just make the future a brighter place. Society is too dependent on the fossil fuels. They have been used for hundreds of years and are still the major producers of energy. They include coal, oil, and natural gas. Except for a few exceptions society has been barreling forward and burning up the fossil fuels without stepping back and considering the consequences. Because of this the world isShow MoreRelatedThe Future Of Solar Energy Essay1079 Words   |  5 Pages For many years we’ve used gas and coal as our main sources of energy. These two sources of energy have more than accommodated our needs for power since the early days of electricity. However, as the dangers to both the environment and human race begin to be revealed regarding both substances, scientist begin to turn their heads in search of new and safer processes such as solar and nuclear energy. While both sol ar and nuclear energy are more than capable pf providing the human race with electricityRead MoreThe Future Of Solar Energy1006 Words   |  5 Pagessustainable investment . With the necessities for diversified economies and youth bulges providing an eager labor force, there is certainly room for growth in the region. A study by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) shows that countries seriously involved with renewable energies can expect significant job creation. In Germany, for example, the numbers were 150,057 for direct employment and 120,533 for indirect . Coupled with the increasing openness of the societies and the politicalRead MoreA Future Of Solar Energy3797 Words   |  16 PagesA Future in Solar Energy The amount of energy used by the United States and the entirety of the world is predicted to drastically increase over the next few years. In 2001 the worldwide average energy consumption rate was approximately 13.5 TW (terawatt), but it is predicted that by 2100 that rate could triple to about 43 TW. In order to account for this greater need it becomes necessary to take action, as current production levels cannot meet the projected increase in energy consumption. ThereRead MoreSolar Energy : The Future Of Alternative Energy Sources Essay1920 Words   |  8 PagesSolar industry has been paying lots of attention to coating technology in the past 10 years. Solar energy is considered the future of alternative energy sources. It has been recognized as one of the most widely used renewable sources of energy in the few recent years for its non-polluting characteristics which combats the Greenhouse effect on global climate created by the use of fossil fuels, figure 1.6. The generation of solar power is done by converting the solar energy into electricity by usingRead MoreEssay about Solar Power: The Future of Energy1431 Words   |  6 Pagesharmful energy sources, which affect our atmosphere? The power from the sun is what we call solar power. Solar power is the energy that comes from the sun as light and heat energy, and then it is later converted into electrical energy through solar panels (Nelson, 2008). This kind of power is completely free, right? Why should we put a lot of expense on other sources of energy, when there is a complete free and healthy power? It is evident that solar energy is a healthy source of energy, which willRead More Solar Energy Essay615 Words   |  3 PagesSolar Energy There is a bright future for solar power (no pun intended). On the average sunny day the sun shines approximately 1,000 watts of energy per square meter, enough energy to power all of our electricity needs and excess(â€Å"How†). This plethora of power and will be utilized in the future because we cant afford not to. It is predicted that in 100-500 years our fossil fuels will be depleted: this means that alternative sources of energy will be a necessity (Exxon). Read MoreFossil Fuels Are Bad For Our Environment889 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment, and in a economy that is struggling, there is no point in pouring billions of dollars a year into an energy source that is killing our other resources. This kind of spending and reckless destruction of our environment will eventually have to stop. The question is, when it does what will we do? There are many other forms of alternative energy that are accessible to us right now. These energy sources will eventually have to be used in the place of burning fossil fuels to power our world. PeopleRead MoreRenewable Energy : Improving Solar Energy1510 Words   |  7 PagesMath November 27, 2014 Topic: Solar Energy Improving Solar energy in the United States Audience: Home owners Executive Summary: Solar energy has been in existence for a longer than any of us will imagine. Of course the sun is the oldest and most basic source of energy. Solar technology has been in existence since the 7th century B.C. Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy that does not have most of the problems fossil fuels have. There are three types of solar technology that can be utilizedRead More Solar Energy Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesSolar Energy Since the beginning of humanity, people have relied on the sun for their daily needs. Whether it is to grow the crops that they eat, dry clothes or warm their family, people have relied on the resource of the sun for sustainability. It was not until people started to get the idea of managing this energy source, that people were able to fully take advantage of the sun. In 1767, a Swiss scientist discovered a practical way to harness the energy of the sun. Horace de Saussure inventedRead MoreThe Debate On A Solar Society1462 Words   |  6 PagesPolicy Paper: The Debate on a Solar Society Now days it seems like we cannot be certain of what is good and what is bad. Especially when it comes to what is good and bad for a large group. Even with topics where it seems like the answer is a no brainer, there is always some uncertainty about how much we actually know. Do we have all of the facts, or do we just have the facts that the people controlling the situation want us to have? You can apply this mindset to practically any situation. It

On Compassion Free Essays

Annotated Bibliography â€Å"On Compassion† Ascher, Barbara. â€Å"On Compassion†. 5O Essays. We will write a custom essay sample on On Compassion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ed. Samuel Cohen. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004. 35-38. Print. Barbara Ascher’s essay offers examples of everyday life in New York City to support her thoughts about compassion. She uses two different encounters to back up her arguments and points. The first encounter involved a woman, with a child, giving money to a homeless person as he starred at the precious child. Ascher questioned as to why the woman gave to the homeless. Was it fear or compassion that motivated the gift? The second encounter involved a homeless person coming into a cafe, smelling of cigarettes and urine and the owner rushing to hand the man a coffee and a bag of food. Twice Ascher has witnessed this and one argument made was, what compelled the woman to feed the man? Was it because of pity? Care? Compassion? As winter comes the mayor kicks all the homeless of the streets and into Bellevue Hospital. Ascher thinks that what the mayor is doing shows compassion, but another side of her fears it is because of â€Å"raw humanity offending our sensibilities†(38). She uses interesting words to basically describe how people don’t like to face reality and see how life really is. People just walk past the homeless, pretend nothing is wrong and life is perfect; forgetting about the other humans in rags, starving, and living day to day on the street and in parks. For most it wasn’t a lifestyle chosen, yet people only see what is right in front of their eyes; â€Å"An awareness of rags with voices that make no sense and scream in inarticulate rage†(38). Ascher believes and states that, â€Å"Compassion is not a character trait like sunny disposition. It must be learned, and it is learned by having adversity at our windows, coming through the gates of our yards, the walls of our towns, adversity that becomes so familiar that we begin to identify and empathize with it. †(38) Ascher then, compares the homeless to the Ancient Greeks, reminding us of our common humanity. In my opinion, I believe that the point of this essay was to speak to people through writing. Ascher made very good points about her beliefs on compassion. For example, how she believes compassion is learned and not just a character trait. I for one agree with her. Being compassionate is not something that you should describe yourself as, but more so an action of doing or giving without second-guessing, or thinking of it. It’s something you pick up as a child in your home and community and it grows on you, it becomes part of your identity. In Ascher’s essay she gets her point across with plenty of arguments to back it up. She uses encounters from everyday life so readers can see and understand where she is coming from. Ascher made me change how I see and think about compassion. That’s why she is such a great writer because the execution of her work is just excellent. How to cite On Compassion, Essay examples

The Evolution of Drama and Theatre Essay Example For Students

The Evolution of Drama and Theatre Essay In the following essay, I am going to write about the development of drama and theatre from the English to the French Renaissance. There is a few important aspects that I am going to focus on: The influence that the English playwrights Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare had on Elizabethan drama, the public outdoor theatres of the English Renaissance, a short summary on Commedia DellArte, the different neo-classical ideals that developed during the Italian Renaissance, the major innovations of scenic design and scenic practices, also about Moliere as French Neo-classical comedy dramatist and the Cardinal Richelieus theatre: the Palace Cardinal. Christopher Marlowe was the first significant dramatist to emerge in the Elizabethan period. A history play that emphasizes important public issues, the chronicle play, was perfected by Marlowe. Marlowe did not write for publication, but rather for production. Christopher Marlowe was the most famous of the university wits. A dramatic structure standard was set by him and a number of interesting characters to English theatre was contributed by him. Marlowe developed another element that originated in medieval morality plays. A fight will occur between a good and bad angel for the main characters soul. Marlowe used this theme in many of his plays and so it became an acceptable theme in English drama. Basically a full-length drama would be incorporated by an abstract notion from the morality plays. Marlowe also focused on dramatic poetry, the power of a dramatic verse. The critics and people spoke off it as Marlowes mighty line, an element that became central in the later Elizabethan plays. This verse had five beats to a line, with two syllables to each beat and accent on the second beat. It was called iambic pentameter, which developed powerful elements such as strength, suppleness, lyric beauty and subtlety (Wilson Goldfarb 2010:189-191). William Shakespeare was an actor and also a member of a dramatic company and therefor he excelled in many aspects of theatre such as technical elements. He was noticed for his excellent use of the episodic plot, also for the powers of his metaphors and the use of music in his language. Another noticeable element of Shakespeares plays was the fact that his characters were well-rounded and carefully detailed which created an atmosphere of living people. Shakespeare wrote comedies, tragedies, histories and sometimes categories that could not be labelled, that made him diverse in his work. Influences from earlier drama is illustrated in his plays and how it comes together during the English renaissance. Shakespeare did not follow the structure rules of Italian neo-classicists and instead used episodic devices that emerged in the medieval period. The use of more than one locale, he also used more than one plot and he mixed tragedy with comedy. A remarkable achievement of Shakespeare is his use of language. Quotations and phrases that we use in everyday speech, originated from his plays. What makes them impressive is not only the rhythm and its imagery, but the sound of it. Scenes got alternated so that each episode illuminates or forms a counterpoint to the one before and after it (Wilson Goldfarb 2010:193-195). Enclosed inn-yards were adapted for performance space. A stage would be set up at the end opposite the entrance and while some spectators will stand in the yard, others will use rooms that overlook the yard as viewing spaces. Public theatres that were designed for performances became a primary space for adult acting companies whatever their origin. Just outside London, between the 1560s and 1642s, nine open-air public theatres were built. The reason why it was built outside London is because the city fathers of London forbade it on their moral grounds. But Queen Elizabeth and later King James offered protections that ultimately allowed the theatre to survive, because they enjoyed it. The theatres outside London were called the Theatre, the Globe, the Curtain, the Red Bull, the Swan, the Rose and the Hope. The number of spectators that the public theatre could accommodate, ranged from 1 500 to 3 000. The buildings were in different shapes, most of them were circular, some were polygonal and the Fortune theatre was in a square shape. The Rose theatre was discovered to have had thirteen or fourteen sides (Wilson Goldfarb 2010:200-201). In the public outdoor theatres the pit, galleries and boxes were used to accommodate the spectators and usually it was three tiers of seating all around the sides. The first tier was approximately 12 feet of the second one and it would be divided into boxes and it accommodated the wealthy people and therefore it was called the lords room. The second tier was about 11 feet and it had bench seating along with the third tier that was 9 feet and also had bench seating that was undivided. Then there were a yard, which were standing space for the spectators on the ground in front of the stage and on the sides. It was usually for the lower class spectators that were known as groundlings and then before or during the show food and drinks would be sold to them (Wilson Goldfarb 2010:202-203). The stage was a raised platform thrust stage that was surrounded by the audience from all three sides. The space from the back towards the stage was sloped for the groundlings to stood and watch and they had trapdoors that was used in some plays such as Hamlet. The tiring house was a stage house that was a three-story building right behind the raised platform. It was used as a space to store set pieces, properties and as a changing area for the actors to change their costumes. The entrances and exits introduced the scene changes and the faade was a basic scenic element in the Elizabethan public theatres. A Christmas Carol EssayAdvances in art like perspective paintings and drawings made it possible to develop the flat win in the seventeenth century. These painting and drawing techniques that developed in 1600 created the illusion of depth and also three dimensional space. Flat wings were individual wings placed parallel to the audience on each side of the stage in a series. For the flat wing scene shifting new methods had to be released. The two flat wing scene changing methods were called the groove system and the pole-and-chariot system. The groove system was the earliest method, above the stage floor the wings and shutters would be placed in grooves and allowed it to slide offstage easily and quickly so that the new wings and shutters can immediately be revealed. It did not last, because the scene shifters had a problem with the coordination with the wings and shutters when they were moved. The pole-and-chariot method was developed by Torelli. Scene flats would be attached to poles and these poles went below the stage floor and there they would be connected to wheel that ran on a track. This made the flats move smoothly off the stage (Wilson Goldfarb 2010:171-174). Special effects developed even further in the Italian Renaissance. They started to made use of flying machines, trapdoors and devices that would create sound effects like thunder, rain and wind. They also had to use devices that would create light, because the plays would take place at an indoor theatre and it would minimize the light. They used candles and oil lamps and if they wanted to control the intensity of the light, they would use open canisters and cover the candle with it (Wilson Goldfarb 2010:174). Molire was a French neo-classical dramatist who specialised in comedies and also had the most influence on modern theatre. He was born in 1622 as Jean Baptiste Poquelin. He was famous for a particular quote, If it be the aim of comedy to correct mans vices, then I do not see for what reason there should be a privileged class. He depicted the vices (an immoral or wicked habit of characters) and follies (a lack of good sense or understanding) truthfully and therefor the audience members were shocked, but he still succeeded in earning the respect of theatregoers and he remains one of the most popular dramatists. His dialogue consisted of witty dialogue mixed with farcical humour and human foibles. He also made use of rhyming couplets in the dialogues of his plays. Molires plots would be solved by a deus ex machine and one of his lead influences were commedia dellarte, where stock characters were resembled (Wilson Goldfarb 2010:257-258). Molire had an option of two career choices if he wanted to be wealthy. He could have fallowed his fathers footsteps and become an upholsterer in the service of the king or he could have become a lawyer. But he left school in 1643 and decided to change his name to Molire. He was imprisoned for dept in 1645 because his theatre went bankrupt. While his troupe was performing in the provinces till 1658, he was able to coach the performers with his methods. Molires plays were very successful but some of his plays like Tartuffe were banned. He did not only write one third of the troupes plays, but he was also the company manager and an actor. Molire lived an unhappy life, because he had to work harder for financial stability and his wife was also notorious for her flirtations. In 1673 Molire died when he fainted at one of the performances, because he suffered from a lung ailment (Wilson Goldfarb 2010:258-260). Cardinal Richelieu erected the Palais Cardinal and after his death it was called the Palais-Royal. The Palais Cardinal was a theatre in France that was a rectangular form and had a stage at the one end and sitting space on three sides around it where it accommodated 1 500 spectators. The area in front was called the pit and it accommodated 300 people, the raised amphitheatre behind the pit accommodated 700 sitting spaces, another 330 sitting spaces was accommodated in the galleries, 50 wealthy nobles were seated on the sides of the stage and 70 people could have stand at the very back. The theatre made use of Italianate scene-shifting machinery and was also the first proscenium-arch theatre in France. An Italian scenic wizard called Giacomo Torelli installed scene-changing equipment in France and also designed the scenery. He installed a pole-and-chariot system in the Palais-Royal which included him to build a platform stage 6 feet high, 49 feet wide, and 48 feet deep. French proscenium-arch theater buildings consisted of an amphitheatre in the back, opposite the stage that was bleacher-like seating and that made it differed from the ordinary Italian proscenium-arch theater buildings (Wilson Goldfarb 2010:261-262). As seen above, the theatre of art has been developed in every aspect from the English renaissance, through the Italian- till the French renaissance. From the greatest dramatists to the most amazing methods to change scenes on set. The renaissance period was not only a period of rebirth, but a period where spectacular theatre elements have been developed and improved. Bibliography: Wilson, E. Goldfarb, A. 2010. Living Theatre: A History, 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill. Wilson, E. Goldfarb, A. 2010. Living Theatre: A History, pp 26-271, in University of the Free State 2014, DRAH1504 History of the Performance, Grov, M., Bloemfontein.