Research Paper On Repiping - 863 Words

Repiping | Plumbing Arlington If you are tired of consistent water leaks, low water pressure and/or discolored water, repiping is the solution for your homes plumbing in Arlington, TX. Mister Sparky plumbers in Arlington, TX have the training, skill and latest technology for providing for your plumbing needs. Discolored Water Galvanized pipe is steel pipe still found in numerous older homes. Originally coated with zinc to prevent corrosion, over time the zinc erodes leaving the steel to rust from the inside out. Exposure to hard water, water with a heavy mineral presence, can accelerate the process. Eventually, due to the presence of rust, corrosion and the clogging due to minerals, water may be discolored, have an unpleasant taste, and†¦show more content†¦How long it will last depends on the grade and thickness of the pipe as different grades are available. Furthermore, the chemistry of the water it delivers can affect its lifespan. By selecting a quality grade of pipe, and choosing a qualified licensed plumber for installation, you will assure a better outcome for your homes plumbing in Arlington, TX. Polybutylene As with galvanized pipe, polybutylene is an outdated form of plumbing. Polybutylene was an economical choice used between 1978 and 1995 in both homes and underground water mains. It has a history of causing extensive and costly damage to structures, typically failing without warning. Once you have your home repiped, plumbing generally lasts an extremely long time, polybutylene is an exception. When your home contains polybutylene piping, replacement is highly advised. Contact a Ben Franklin plumber to schedule repiping of your homes plumbing in Arlington, TX. PVC and CPVC Pipe PVC and CPVC is a type of plastic pipe with an established reputation of reliability when installed properly. The joints are glued, rather than soldered as in copper pipe. As with soldering, proper joining is necessary to ensure reliability. It is not recommended to install PVC or CPVC in outdoor locations exposed to the suns ultraviolet rays, or in locations where it is vulnerable to freezing. PEX Pipe PEX pipe is the newest plumbing solution. PEX is an extremely flexible plastic pipe, and utilizes crimped connections rather than

Impact of Globalization Trends on Education Structures and Policies Free Essays

Introduction Globalization is a widely discussed and contested topic. The process of globalization has profound impacts on the capacity of a nation to formulate its policies. It is accompanied by a seemingly endless process of change within education (Peters, 1992). We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Globalization Trends on Education Structures and Policies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Globalization is one main issue that is increasingly attracting the attention of most academicians, researchers and policy makers. It has gained relevance in the context of higher education. Education is an important driver of growth and poverty reduction. Education policies have been in existence for quite some time and have played an important role in the development policy. The most recent wave of globalization is likely to have profound effects on education structures and policies across the world. What is globalization? ‘Globalisation’ is a term that describes the process of integrating societies by removing legal, political and geographical constraints (Trowler, 1998). Vulliamy (2004) describes it as a process which is rapidly integrating the world into one economic space via an increasingly networked global telecommunication system. A study by Tikly (2003), suggest globalization as an inevitable and largely irresistible phenomenon that contains opportunities and threats for national development. Globalization is therefore seen to be concerned principally with integration into global and regional markets underpinned by technologies Although internationalization is not new to education policies, the forces and tensions under the umbrella concept of globalization constitute dramatically different environment in which education institutions and policy makers operate in (Marginson, 1999). The changes to which education structures in UK and around the globe is exposed are complex and varied (Marginson, 1999). Nonetheless, the globalization concept indicates that these changes are somehow interrelated. For the purpose of this analysis, we will stress the following tendencies within the overall force of globalization: †¢ Restructuring of the economic world system due to rapid integration of the world economy resulting from a transformation to a post industrial knowledge economy and increasingly liberalized trade and commerce. †¢ Rise of network society due to technological advancements and the expansion of the internet †¢ Increasing virtual mobility of people, knowledge and capital resulting from the development of new transport facilities, expansion of the internet and increasingly world integrated community †¢ Complex cultural developments whereby we have an increasing cultural exchange and multicultural reality on the one hand of homogeneity and cultural differentiation and segregation on the other hand. †¢ Erosion of the nation state and a widening of the gap between socio-political regulation and economic activity. Such is the nature and complexities of forces associated with globalization. These forces define the social environment in which education structures and policies operate in (Green, 1999). Further, these forces condition the context in which education policies and structures have to operate and profoundly alter people’s experience of both formal and informal education (Green, 1995). For example, most institutions are transformed to become targets of corporate expansion and sites for branding. A more detailed explanation will be discussed below. Impact of globalization on education structures and policies Globalisation has profound impacts on education structures and policies. The impact is profound but also diverse, depending on the locality within the global arena. While there is often a danger of oversimplification and generalisation when dealing with globalisation, diversity has to be recognised and promoted to a certain extent. Various views have been expressed in literature with regard to the impact of contemporary globalization on the processes and structure of education worldwide. 1. Direct impacts on both the curriculum and pedagogy Carnoy (1999) suggests direct impacts on both the curriculum and pedagogy. There is little evidence however to support such an assessment. Whilst attempts have been made to inject global awareness on school curricula in western industrialized countries, these have generally remained very low status add-ons. Carnoy (1999) continues to argue that whilst the direct impacts on pedagogy and curriculum are limited, the more general influences of economic restructuring and political ideologies are immense. For instance, globalization is putting considerable premium on highly skilled and flexible workers in an organisation hence increasing the demand for university education. 2. Emerging ‘bordeless’ higher education market The most visible manifestation of globalisation in the education sector is the emerging ‘bordeless’higher education market. Globalization leads to huge increases in worldwide demand for higher education through opportunities created by the internet and new communication technologies which in turn shape an environment in which providers can expand their supply of educational facilities (Breier, 2001). Universities from Australia, North America, Europe and England are reaching out their educational provisions to the international market by actively recruiting international students through establishing branch campuses or via distance education, e-learning and other transnational activities (Breier, 2001). These increasing demands bring new providers into the market. The business of borderless education comprises various forms and developments including the emergence of corporate universities, professional association that are directly active in higher education, and media companies delivering educational programmes among others (Alao Kayode, 2005). These new providers extensively use the Internet and ICT as a delivery channel. 3. Erosion of national regulatory and policy framework Globalization is also associated with the erosion of national regulatory and policy frameworks in which institutions are embedded (Slattery, 1995). The policy framework is subject to erosion in an increasingly international environment marked by globalizing professions, liberalized market place, mobility of skilled labour, and international competition between institutions (Slattery, 1995). Most institutions acknowledge this and thus develop consortia, partnerships and networks to strengthen their position in the global arena. Schemes such as the European Credit transfer system and mobility programmes such as UMAP and SOCRATES can be developed to stimulate internationalization in higher education with respect to the various national policy frameworks (Dearden et al, 2002). There is need for an international regulatory framework that transcends the eroded national policy framework and steer to some extent the global integration of higher education system. 4. Create new and tremendously important demands and exigencies towards universities as knowledge centre’s Consequently, globalization creates new and tremendously important demands and exigencies towards universities as knowledge centers (Dearden et al, 2005). Research and development is crucial in any knowledge and information driven society. Globalization of research and development leads to a more mobile and highly competitive international market of researchers. Moreover, universities are called upon to take up responsibilities in the society, deepen democracy, act as mediators and to function as centre’s of critical debate. These higher demands placed upon them create tensions in institutions and stimulate other organizations to engage in such kind of activities. 5. Increasing demand for higher education worldwide Finally, the continuing trend of globalization is expected to increase the demand for higher education worldwide. In the developed world, the society will always ask for highly qualified and flexible workers. Modernization, economic development and demographic pressure increase the demand for higher education in most parts of the world (Blanden Machin, 2004). Governments and local institutions generally lack enough resources to deal with the increasing demand hence leaving an unmet demand to the international and virtual providers. This demand not only grows quantitatively but also becomes more diverse. The internet together with new technologies are increasingly providing new opportunities for more flexible delivery of higher education, thus increasing demand in some countries and meeting demands in others where traditional institutions have failed. These developments brought by globalization underpin the assertion that higher education will emerge as one of the booming markets in future (Blanden Machin, 2004). The need for an international regulatory framework There is a big difference in the way countries deal with private universities and transnational higher education. Greece and Israel, for instance, rarely recognize their diplomas and degrees (Blanden, Gregg Machin, 2005). While other countries residing in the developing world such as Malaysia recognize their incapacity to meet the increasing demand and thus welcome foreign providers (Blanden, Gregg Machin, 2005). Principally, there is no reason to oppose a positive and open attitude towards transnational higher education and private universities. In modern policy approach, it must be recognized that private and transnational institutions are also capable of fulfilling public functions. Despite the fact that traditional higher education institutions have a specific tradition and academic culture to defend, it should be amenable to competitors from diverse backgrounds. It therefore becomes imperative to have in place international and sustainable policy framework that deals with private and transnational providers. Conclusion The globalization trends are leading to a wide spread changes that are impacting on education worldwide. Nation states acknowledge this and have developed reforms to their educational systems in response to modernizing ideas and international trends. It should be noted that globalization represents a new and distinct shift in the relationship between states and supranational forces and that its impact on education is profound in a range of ways. Whilst this analysis does not present an exhaustive listing of the impact of globalization on education, it does bring out key dynamics and highlight important areas of action for academicians and policy makers with respect to globalization. (1557 words) Reference Alao Kayode (2005), Emerging Perspectives on Educational Assessment in an Era of Postmodernism, Commissioned paper presented at 31st Annual conference on International Association for Educational Assessment. Blanden.J.P., Gregg Machin.S (2005), Educational inequality and intergenerational mobility, The economics of education in the United Kingdom, Princeton, Princeton University press. Blanden.J Machin.S (2004), Educational inequality and the expansion of UK higher education, Scottish Journal of political economy, Vol 54, PP.230-49 Breier.M (2001), Curriculum Restructuring in Higher Education in Post-Apartheid South Africa, Pretoria Carnoy (1999), Education, globalization and nation state, Oxford, Oxford university press Dearden.L, Emmerson.C, Frayne Meghir.C (2005), Education subsidies and school drop-out rates Dearden.L, Mcintosh.C, Myck.M Vignoles.A (2002), The returns to academic and vocational qualifications in Britain, Bulletin of economic research, Vol 54, PP. 249-75 Green.A (1999), Education and globalization in Europe and East Asia: convergent and divergent trends, Journal of education policy, Vol 14, pp.55-71 Green.M.F (1995), Transforming British higher education: a view from across the Atlantic, Higher Education, Vol 29, pp.225-239 Marginson.S (1999), After globalization: emerging politics of education, Journal of Education Policy, Vol 14, pp.19-31. Peters M (1992), Performance and Accountability in ‘Post-industrial Society’: the crisis of the British universities, Studies in Higher Education, Vol 17, PP.123-139. Slattery, P. (1995) Curriculum development in the post modern era, New York, Garland Publishing Tikly (2003), Globalisation, knowledge economy and comparative education, vol 41, pp. 117-149 Trowler P.R (1998), Academics responding to change: new higher education frameworks and academic cultures, Buckingham, Open University Press. Vulliamy.G (2004), the impact of globalization on qualitative research in comparative and international education, journal of comparative and international education, Vol 34, pp.261-284 How to cite Impact of Globalization Trends on Education Structures and Policies, Essay examples

Economics for Sustainable Business Electronic Vehicles

Question: Discuss about the Economics for Sustainable Business for Electronic Vehicles. Answer: Introduction Electronic vehicles use electrical energy in place of fuels to provide the equivalent services as other automobiles that run on fuel. Electric cars are considered quite efficient in dealing with the rise in the cost of fuels along with the reduction in air pollution. The market for electric cars in Australia has not been developed enough to raise the demand among the customers and analyse the social benefits that could be redeemed from it. This essay aims at analysing various economical theories in accordance to theory of demand, supply, elasticity and government intervention. These economic theories would help in analysing the market for the electric cars in the country. The essay helps in analysing various factors that affect the demand and supply of the electric car market in Australia by taking price elasticity of demand for the cars into consideration, along with government taxation, the cost and the revenue structure of the dealers in the market and future prospects of growth of the referred market. The analysis is followed by a conclusion that would help in stating the overall analysis of the research that has been considered in the essay. Electric Car Market Price Elasticity of Demand According to Baumol Blinder (2015), the law of demand states that with the rise in the price of the product, there is a fall in the demand of the product fall in the price of the product; there is a rise in the demand for the product. Hence, it states that there is a negative relationship between the demand of the produce and it price. This results in a downward sloping demand curve. The rate at which the demand for the product changes with the change in its price is known as the price elasticity of demand (Frank, 2014). Commercial buyers have a relatively inelastic demand for electric cars. Hence, the buyers do not change their demand greater than the change in its price. Price elasticity of cars for individual buyers is relatively elastic in nature (Nicholson Snyder, 2014). It states that the proportional change in demand for electric cars is more than the change in the price of the product. This can be illustrated with the help of the following diagram. Figure 1: Price Elasticity of Demand (Source: As Created By Author) In figure 1, D is the downward sloping demand curve, which is elastic in nature. The demand curve is flatter, which states that the proportionate change in the demand for electric cars is greater than the proportionate change in price. Electric cars are costlier than the cars that run on fuels. Hence, with the rise in price of electric cars from P1 o P2, the corresponding quantity demanded of the product falls from Q1 to Q2. The fall in the demand of the product is greater than the rise in its price. Hence, it could be inferred that the individual demand for electric cars reduces to a certain degree. Effect of Taxation Luxury car tax (LCT) is a tax on cars with a GST-inclusive value above the LCT threshold. LCT is imposed at the rate of33% on the amount above the luxury car threshold (Individual income tax rates, 2016). LCT is paid by businesses that sell or import luxury cars (dealers), and by individuals who import luxury cars. Electronic cars are costly in nature, yet these cars are not bought to raise the status of the buyer. Electronic vehicles help in sustaining the negative impacts on air pollution of the particular country. Hence, the government of other countries uses a tax-offset incentive on the purchase of electronic cars. In Australia, the government does not provide such provisions. The incidence of tax on the buyers and sellers of electric vehicles could be analysed with the help of figure 2, below : Figure 2: Incidence of Tax (Source: As Created By Author) In figure 1, the demand curve faced by the individual buyers of electric cars is relatively elastic in nature. As price with tax with fixed at Pt, there is a fall in the quantity demanded, from Q to Qt. According to the diagram above, the area which is marked blue shows the incidence of tax on the buyer, whereas, the green area shows the incidence of the tax on the producer. Hence, it can be easily seen that the incidence of tax is more on the producers concerning the tax on electric vehicles. Cost and Revenue Structure of the Dealers Supply of a particular product is determined by various factors, among which cost of raw materials play a vital role for the producers. There is a negative relation between the cost of raw materials and the quantity supplied of a particular product (Rader, 2014). In order to build electric cars, the cost of production for the dealers is much higher than that of normal vehicles. This would state that the dealers would not be willing much to produce the product. Moreover, the servicing cost is quite low in comparison to the traditional petrol and diesel cars. This would instigate lesser chances of revenue in the long run, after the car has been bought by the individual. Hence, the dealers do not want to sell electric vehicles. Future Prospects of the Market Future prospects of a particular product depend upon the future demand and supply patterns of the particular product (Varian, 2014). Electric cars constitute various positive effects in relation to the environment. This shows that the product would be quite favourably affected with respect to demand of the product. Till now, the product has no close substitutes with respect to its environmental friendly attributes. Traditional cars are cost friendly on being compared to EVs . Hence, the effect of the substitutes would not be much for this market as it has some unique beneficial attributes. With the awareness programs being generated in a country, there is a tendency of achieving a positive gain in the demand of EVs as the consumers are of the mentality of achieving safer environment (Bernanke, Antonovics Frank, 2015). Government would be helpful in raising the demand by removing the tax to be paid for purchasing an electric car. Conclusion and Recommendation Electronic vehicles are eco friendly automobiles that would help in achieving a safe and clean environment of the country, free from pollutants. The cost of electric cars is much greater than the traditional cars run on fuel. Hence, this has achieved a relatively elastic demand curve. The cost of production of these cars is much greater, which reduces the potential of the producer to produce such cars. Moreover, the government in Australia charges tax on the purchase of electric cars, unlike the government of other countries. Reduction in the cost of the cars is possible only when government provides subsidies to the producers of electric cars. This would reduce the price and raise the demand for such cars. Creating awareness among the customers for pertaining a healthy environment, free from air pollution for the society would help the people being citizens that are more responsible. This would help in maintaining a better future market for the electric cars in Australia. Reference Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. (2015).Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Bernanke, B., Antonovics, K., Frank, R. (2015).Principles of macroeconomics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Frank, R. (2014).Microeconomics and behavior. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Individual income tax rates. (2016). Ato.gov.au. Retrieved 28 December 2016, from https://www.ato.gov.au/rates/individual-income-tax-rates/ Nicholson, W., Snyder, C. M. (2014).Intermediate microeconomics and its application. Nelson Education. Rader, T. (2014).Theory of microeconomics. Academic Press. Varian, H. R. (2014).Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company.

Waiting For Godot Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

Waiting For Godot Essay, Research Paper The Play about Nothing Waiting for Godot has been a topic of my ideas for approximately two hebdomads now. While sing the work, its writer, and the remarks I have found about the drama, I have come up with three hypotheses as to the significance and overall subject. Either it is about Humanity waiting for a savior that does be to return ; or it could be about the hopelessness of Humanity waiting for a Jesus that doesn # 8217 ; t be, and hence will neer come ; or, the easiest of possibilities, that Waiting truly has no subject at all. This last theory is the 1 that I most readily accept, and the reply that Samuel Beckett, the writer of the drama, put forth when questioned about the significance of his unusual small piece. Many critics put the first theory Forth as the true significance of Waiting, and there are many facets of it by which they can do their point. We will write a custom essay sample on Waiting For Godot Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The most obvious is the rubric character, Godot, because the root word of the name is God. The many mentions to Christianity besides create a close connexion between the plot line and many of import narratives from the Bible. From the really get downing Vladimir and Estragon ponder their redemption, see decease, and pull a parallel between themselves and the two stealers that were crucified along with Jesus, harmonizing to the Gospels. Vladimir: # 8230 ; One of the stealers was saved. It # 8217 ; s a sensible per centum. Gogo. Tarragon: What? Vladimir: Suppose we repented. Tarragon: Repented what? Vladimir: Oh # 8230 ; we wouldn # 8217 ; Ts have to travel into the inside informations. Tarragon: Our being born? ( Beckett, p.8 ) The general attitude expressed throughout is the hopelessness, or perchance the meaningless-ness of life. Humanity # 8217 ; s aim is merely to wait out its being until the Second Coming. Everything we do, state, experience, experience, etc. , is merely go throughing the clip unt il our lives come to an terminal. Vladimir: That passed the clip. Tarragon: It would hold passed in any instance. Vladimir: Yes, but non so quickly. ( Beckett, p.31 ) Let us presume that Godot does typify God. He is person who will come to do a great alteration in the Vladimir and Estragon # 8217 ; s lives, a great alteration for the better. But Godot, and whatever that alteration may be, does non come throughout the length of the drama. They mistake Pozzo for Godot, and they mistake the courier for Godot, because they do non cognize what Godot looks like or what mode of individual he may be. Likewise, through our lives we mistake people and happenings for Christ. And that helps us to go through the clip until we die. The fact that Godot neer comes besides helps to turn out the 2nd theory about the significance of Waiting. What if God and the hereafter do non be? What so? We spend our full lives waiting, staying our clip in expectancy of our great wages. But when our lives end, that # 8217 ; s it. All the readying, all our good purposes, are useless and meaningless because there was no significance in the first topographic point. Beckett may hold used the drama to exemplify how hapless Humanity seems as it strives toward a nonexistent end. He besides made great merriment of all those philosophers that ponder on the significance of our being utilizing the character of Lucky. When Lucky makes his drawn-out oration of bunk, it is exemplifying what bunk everything that all the great minds have said on the significance of life. For if life has no significance, so it is all gibberish, and Lucky makes merely every bit much sense as Voltaire. The 3rd and concluding theory about the significance of Waiting for Godot is that it has no significance. When questioned repeatedly on the affair, Beckett was quoted in the New York Times as stating, # 8220 ; I know no more of this drama than anyone who manages to read it attentively, # 8221 ; and, # 8221 ; I do non cognize who Godot is. I do non even cognize if he exists. # 8221 ;

Causes of Brainstem Death Essays

Causes of Brainstem Death Essays Causes of Brainstem Death Essay Causes of Brainstem Death Essay Discuss the causes of brain-stem decease and those parts of the brain-stem that keep you alive. The brain-stem is a cardinal part for automatic neurological coordination with many critical functions. Descending from the interbrain, to the spinal cord ; the brain-stem consists of the mesencephalon, superiorly, the Ponss and the myelin oblongata, inferiorly ( Fig.1 ) . The brain-stem is responsible for supplying a conduit for neurones between the spinal cord and the higher Centres of the prosencephalon, every bit good as incorporating the of import karyon of cranial nervousnesss III through XII ( Snell, 2010 ) . The brain-stem besides takes charge of automatic Centres of import for prolonging life, this function and the pathology that puts it at hazard being the focal point of this essay. The control airing is a map the brain-stem undertakes to keep life.A Ventilation has two components to its control: voluntary and automatic. The voluntary ordinance originates in the intellectual cerebral mantle ( St. John, 1998 ) , whereas the automatic control comes from specific karyon within the Pons and Medulla. The automatic constituent is responsible for keeping changeless airing when the cerebral mantle is set abouting other undertakings and during slumber. It is besides responsible for the homeostasis of blood gases, with centripetal input from the fringe every bit good as its ain centripetal map. The medullary respiratory Centre comprises of two countries: the ventral ( VRG ) and dorsal ( DRG ) respiratory groups ( Fig. 2 ) . The dorsal respiratory group of nerve cells, are located in the ventrolateral part of the nucleus solitarius ( Smith and DeMyer, 2003 ) and contains neurones involved in control of inspiration. A ventrolateral column within the myelin, widening from the facial karyon ( Feldman et al, 2003 ) into the spinal cord near to the degree of C1, represents the VRG. It contains the nucleus ambiguus and karyon retroambigualis and is involved in the control of both inspiration and termination. The DRG is made up preponderantly of pre-motor bulbospinal neurones ( St. John, 1998 ) which terminate within the spinal cord at the degrees of the phrenic and intercostal motor neurones. However, these have been shown to hold a less of import function as lesions of this country have presented insignificantly ( Ballanyi and Ruangkittisakul, 2009 ) . It appears the more important country is the VRG which contains a assortment of neurone types. Some are bulbospinal and exert similar control to the DRG ( St. John, 1998 ) . Others travel within the cranial nervousnesss, peculiarly the pneumogastric and glossopharyngeal nervousnesss, to co-ordinate musculuss in the caput and cervix besides involved in respiration. There are besides neurones going entirely within the brain-stem. At the rostral terminal of the VRG is a peculiarly of import country involved in coevals of respiratory beat, the pre-Botzinger composite ( pre-Bot ) .A It has been suggested that, due to the profound consequence lesions in this part has on respiration, that neurones from this country have a pacesetter capacity ( Feldman et al, 2003 ) . Within the Ponss, associated to the karyon parabrachialis medialis and Kolliker-Fuse karyon ( St. John, 1998 ; Spyer and Gourine, 2009 ) , is the pneumotaxic Centre ( Personal computer ) . This rostral pontine subdivision contains a mixture of inspiratory, expiratory and phase-spanning neurones which communicate with the VRG via the pontine reticulate formation. It has been shown to exercise some consequence on respiratory beat coevals as the beat becomes really fickle after transection of the ponto-medullary junction, as shown in Figure. 3. As already stated, the brain-stem is besides responsible for keeping homeostasis. A alteration in blood-gas composing is detected in the carotid and aortal organic structures, by glomus cells, and fed back to the brain-stem via the glossopharyngeal and pneumogastric nervus severally. These peripheral chemoreceptors are largely sensitive to O2 concentration, whereas the CO2/pH-sensitive chemoreceptors are largely found within the brain-stem and are known as cardinal chemoreceptors ( Feldman et al, 2003 ) . The CO2/pH sensitiveness reflects the adequateness of take a breathing comparative to metamorphosis and so has a greater consequence on respiration with merely 1-mm Hg addition in PCO2 additions airing by 20 % -30 % . Cardinal chemoreceptors can be found within: the karyon tractus solitarius ; locus ceruleus ; the midplane medullary rhaphe ; the retrotrapezoid karyon ; the pre-Bot ; and, the parts lying merely beneath the ventral medullary surface ; and are defined as countries which exhibit an excitatory response to an addition in CO2 or H+ concentration ( Ballantyne and Scheid, 2000 ) to increase motor end product. Mechano-sensors and proprioceptors within the associated musculuss and the lung wall, besides act to suppress inspiration, to guarantee the lungs are nt over hyperbolic, doing harm to them. ( Spyer and Gourine, 2009 ) . Closely related to the respiratory Centres of the brain-stem are the nuclei commanding cardiovascular map, another constituent vital to life. The map of the respiratory system is keeping gas concentrations in the organic structure, and this must be facilitated by the cardiovascular system. Respiratory and cardiovascular beat are regulated synergistically to guarantee equal ventilation-perfusion, ( Spyer and Gourine, 2009 ) . This means that the control centres for both systems communicate to environmental challenges to homeostasis are dealt with and return the organic structure back to normal. For illustration, if the organic structure was to go hypoxic, chemoreceptors would arouse a alteration in both systems, increasing airing and bosom rate, to change by reversal this alteration ( Nicholls and Paton, 2009 ) . The Nucleus tractus solitarius ( NTS ) is cardinal to autonomic cardiovascular ordinance, and is, as already stated, associated with the DRG ( Hirooka, 2008 ) . Other countries involved are the rostral ventrolateralmedulla ( RVLM ) ; nucleus ambiguus ; and the midplane rhaphe karyon of the myelin, the parabrachial karyon of the Ponss ; and the periaqueductal grey country of the mesencephalon ( Topolovec et al, 2004, Kong et al, 2007 ) . Of these, possibly the most of import in cardiovascular control are the RVLM, nucleus ambiguus and the NTS. The NTS is the primary site for integrating of the chemoreceptor and baroreceptor physiological reactions ( Thomas et al, 2000 ) . Baroreception allows the organic structure to feel alterations in blood force per unit area and the sensory nerve fibres for this are located within the walls of the atria, aortal and carotid organic structures. These sensory nerves, along with chemoreceptive informations, travel to the NTS via the pneumogastric and glossopharyngeal nervousnesss to exercise synaptic influence on vagal end product to the bosom ( Spyer and Gourine, 2009 ) . It has besides been suggested that there is a grade of cardinal esthesis to blood force per unit area within the brain-stem itself ( Shusterman et al, 2002 ) . Activation of baroreceptors evokes bradycardia, reduces vascular opposition and so reverses high blood pressure. For this to happen, the NTS must synapse with other karyon of the brain-stem to trip an autonomic response. The autonomic Centres concerned with cardiovascular control are RVLM and nucleus ambiguus. Sympathetic pre-motor neurones originate preponderantly in the RVLM. When signals come from baroreceptors, they synapse with these pre-motor motor nerves to convey about a rise in blood force per unit area ( Shusterman et al, 2002 ) . This is done largely by doing vasoconstriction and therefore raises entire peripheral opposition ( Spyer and Gourine, 2009 ) . The nucleus ambiguus is the important Centre in cut downing cardiac end product when in a hypertensive province. This is completed by parasympathetic pre-motor fibers, to bring forth a negative chronotropic consequence on the bosom, via the vagus nervousnesss. Another country of peculiar importance within the brain-stem is the reticulate formation ( RF ) ( Fig. 4 ) . Dwelling of three columns and crossing the whole length of the brain-stem ; the RF contributes to many critical control mechanisms within the organic structure, such as: bodily and splanchnic esthesis ; the autonomic and endocrinal nervous systems ; the biological clock ; and consciousness ( Snell, 2010 ) . Consciousness is peculiarly critical in remaining alive as it allows voluntary endurance behaviors, directed by the intellectual cerebral mantle, to be displayed. Part of the RF, the go uping reticulate energizing system is responsible for triping the cerebral mantle and conveying about wakefulness ( Parvizi and Damasio, 2001 ) . Causes of Brainstem Death Brainstem decease is the consequence of a major traumatic event and is defined as a province in which there is irreversible loss of the capacity for consciousness combined with irreversible loss of the capacity to take a breath spontaneously ( and therefore to keep a self-generated bosom round ) ( Pallis and Harley, 1996 ) . The causes for brain-stem decease can be loosely grouped into two classs, those that cause direct physical injury to the neurones of the brain-stem and interrupt their interconnectednesss ; or those causes ensuing in hypoxia, go forthing the neurones unable to keep metamorphosis and doing hurtin situ. Physical injury to the brain-stem breaks down the intricate excitatory tracts within it, therefore rendering communicating between the Centres of the brain-stem, and the parts under their control, impossible. Often the consequence of a head hurt, one illustration of this is the ponto-medullary tear ( Fig. 5 ) . This is a rupture of the ponto-medullary junction and is frequently the consequence of a blunt caput injury, such as a caput butt ( Stan et al, 1996 ) . The RF is one country that is likely to be damaged in such an hurt, ensuing in the patient falling into a deep irreversible coma. Centres for both respiratory and cardiac control could besides be separated, e.g. the parabrachial nucleus.A As the patient would be unable to restart consciousness and prolong cardio-respiratory map, they would be deemed brainstem dead, and so harmonizing to UK jurisprudence, lawfully dead. A ponto-medullary tear is non the lone cause of decease as a consequence of caput injury. Rapid slowing within the cranial pit, such as that experienced during a route traffic accident, can besides frequently result in lesions within the brain-stem ( Gunji et al, 2002 ) . It must besides be noted that a big lesion to the brain-stem is frequently accompanied by monolithic haemorrhaging, taking to extra hurt to other countries of the brain-stem and is discussed subsequently. Tumors can besides hold a traumatic effect within the brain-stem, damaging neurones as they infiltrate tissues ( Yilmazlar et Al, 2004 ) . Bleeding, as a consequence of caput injury, raises intracranial force per unit area: another major cause of brain-stem decease. As the dura mater does non spread out, there is a changeless intracranial volume. By adding to the content of the pit, e.g. arterial bleeding, the force per unit area additions and so has a damaging consequence on the delicate nervous tissue within. As intracranial blood perfusion is reciprocally relative to the pit force per unit area, an addition could to take to reduced perfusion force per unit area and even infarction of some cardinal countries of the brain-stem. Another effect of a force per unit area addition is herniation. This is where the increased force per unit area causes motion of the encephalon around the dural dividers and through the hiatuss magnum. This can do either tenseness within the intellectual peduncles and mesencephalon or coerce the delicate constructions against the harder 1s ( Hussain et al, 2008 ; Crippen, 2009 ) . This means these countries can either be damaged by the physical injury of the supplanting or the resulting ischaemia: as these countries can non be adequately perfused with blood. The exact place of the beginning of the raised force per unit area will propagate force in a certain way ( Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education and Development, 2004 ) . One illustration of this is when a downward force pushes the lower myelin through the hiatuss magnum: a tonsillar herniation. The attendant harm will happen in the part of the brain-stem incorporating many of the Centres for CV and respiratory control and can t ake to an inability to take a breath without cortical excitation: Ondine s expletive ( Smith and DeMyer, 2003 ) . A shot is where intellectual blood flow is interrupted, doing mortification of the unperfused tissue. This can be caused by either obstruction of the blood vas or a bleeding doing blood flow to be diverted off. Haemorrhagic shots can originate from a ruptured aneurysm or a bleeding tumor ( Yilmazlar et Al, 2004 ) and non merely diverts blood off from the tissues it should provide, but can besides increase intracranial force per unit area, damaging other countries. Ischemic shot is the most common signifier of vascular malfunction and is frequently caused by thrombotic accretions barricading blood supply to critical parts ( Sims and Muyderman, 2010 ) . If such an episode was to happen in the basilar arteria providing much of the brain-stem, parts of it critical to prolonging life would be for good damaged. Occlusion or rupture of the vertebral arterias, frequently a consequence of rotational injury in the cervix, could hold similar effects ( Auer et al, 1994 ) . It is clear that the brain-stem is a important constituent of the cardinal nervous system which, if non-functional, the coordination and synchronism of the full organic structure would simple fail. It is of import, as a clinician to be able to non merely understand its importance but, besides, to appreciate the location of more indispensible countries should disease arise. By hold oning the prevailing beginnings of brain-stem pathology, rapid designation of hazard to this delicate part can be made and so cut down hurt. Mentions Auer, R.N. et Al. 2004. Delayed symptoms and decease after minor caput injury with occult vertebral arteria hurt.The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry57, pp. 500-502. Ballantyne, D. and Scheid, P. 2000. Mammalian brain-stem chemosensitive neurones: associating them to respirationin vitro.Journal of Physiology525 ( 3 ) , pp. 567-577. Ballanyi, K. and Ruangkittisakul, A. 2009. Structure-function analysis of rhythmogenic inspiratory pre-Botzinger complex webs in graduated newborn rat brain-stem pieces.Respiratory Physiology A ; Neurobiology168, pp. 158-178. Ben-Tal, A. and Smith, J.C. 2008. A theoretical account for control of take a breathing in mammals: Matching nervous kineticss to peripheral gas exchange and conveyance.Journal of Theoretical Biology251, pp. 480-497. Crippen, D.W. 2009.Head Trauma[ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //emedicine.medscape.com/article/433855-overview [ Accessed: 22 January 2010 ] . Evans, B. M. 2003. Sleep, consciousness and the self-generated and elicited electrical activity of the encephalon. Is at that place a cortical integration mechanism?Clinical Neurophysiology33, pp. 1-10 Feldman, J.L. et Al. 2003. Breathing: Rhythmicity, Plasticity, Chemosensitivity.Annual Review of Neuroscience26, pp.239-66. Goh, A.T. and Mok, Q. 2004. Clinical class and finding of brain-stem decease in a kids s infirmary.Acta paediatrica93, pp. 47-52. Gunji, H. et Al. The mechanism underlying the happening of traumatic brain-stem lesions in victims of traffic accidents.Legal Medicine4, pp. 84-89. Hirooka, Y. 2008. Role of reactive O species in brain-stem in nervous mechanisms of high blood pressure.Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical142, pp. 20-24. Hodges, M. and Richerson, G. 2008. Contributions of 5-HT nerve cells to respiratory control: Neuromodulatory and trophic effects.Respiratory Physiology A ; Neurobiology164, pp. 222-232. Hussain, S.I. et Al. 2008. Brainstem ischaemia in acute herniation syndrome.Journal of the Neurological Sciences268, pp.190-192 Kong, S. et Al. 2007. Cardiac vagal preganglionic neurones in the intermediate zone of the brain-stem in anaesthetized cats.Experimental Physiology92 ( 6 ) , pp. 1023-1028. Merker, B. 2007. Consciousness without a intellectual cerebral mantle: A challenge for neuroscience and medical specialty.Behavioral and Brain Sciences30, pp. 63-134. Nicholls, J.G. and Paton, J.F. 2009. Brainstem: nervous webs vital for life.Philosophic Minutess of the Royal Society364, pp. 2447-2451. Noback, C.R. et Al. 1996.The Human Nervous System, 5th ed.A Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education and Development. 2004.Overview of Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries[ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.orlandohealth.com/pdf % 20folder/overview % 20adult % 20brain % 20injury.pdf [ Accessed: 22 January 2010 ] . Pallis, C.A. and Harley, D.H. 1996.ABC of Brainstem Death,2nd erectile dysfunction. London: Bmj Publishing Group. Parvizi, J. and Damasio, A. 2001. Consciousness and the brain-stem.Cognition79, pp. 135-159. Reynolds, K. et Al. 2003. Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Stroke: A Meta-analysis.JAMA289 ( 5 ) , pp. 579-588 Shewmon, D.A. 1998. Brainstem Death, Brain Death and Death: A Critical Re-Evaluation of the Purported Equivalence.Issues in Law A ; Medicine14 ( 2 ) , pp. 125-145. Shusterman, V. et Al. 2002. Direct Mechanical Stimulation of Brainstem Modulates Cardiac Rhythm and Repolarization in Humans.Journal of Electrocardiology35, pp. 247-256. Sims, N.R. and Muyderman, H. 2010. Mitochondria, oxidative metamorphosis and cell decease in shot.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta1802, pp. 80-91. Smith, L.H. and DeMyer, W.E. 2003. Anatomy of the Brainstem.Seminars in Pediatric Neurology10 ( 4 ) , pp. 235-240. Snell, R. 2010.Clinical Neuroanatomy. 7th erectile dysfunction. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. Spyer, K.M. and Gourine, A A.V. 2009. Chemosensory pathways in the brain-stem commanding cardiorespiratory activity.Philosophic Minutess of the Royal Society364, pp. 2603-2610. Stan, A.C. et Al. 1996. Traumatic ponto-medullary tear: a instance study.Forensic Science International77, pp. 37-43. St.-John, W.M. 1998. Neurogenesis of forms of automatic ventilatory activity.Advancement in Neurobiology56, pp. 97 to 117. Thomas, T. 2000. Localization and Action of Adenosine A2a Receptors in Regions of the Brainstem Important in Cardiovascular Control.Neuroscience95 ( 2 ) , pp. 513-518. Topolovec, A J.C. et Al. 2004. Human Cardiovascular and Gustatory Brainstem Sites Observed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.The Journal of Comparative Neurology471, pp. 446-461 Waters, C. E. et Al. 2004. Trouble in brain-stem decease testing in the presence of high spinal cord hurt.British Journal of Anaesthesia92 ( 5 ) , pp. 760-764. Yilmazlar, S. et Al. 2010. Brain root stroke associated with epidermoid tumors: study of two instances.The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry,75, pp. 1340-1342.

How truckers can protect their mental health

How truckers can protect their mental health Attention all truckers: Of course you want to do your job well, which includes getting every haul to it’s intended destination on schedule, but do you know that taking good care of yourself, both mentally and physically, is a key component of being able to do your best possible work? It’s true- truckers often work long, grueling hours in cramped and isolated conditions, which can take its toll on their general well-being over time. When this happens, drivers aren’t doing themselves any favors or setting themselves up for long-term success on the job, which may be why burnout is a common problem among truckers.Smart Trucking recently published an article that features practical tips for truckers to maintain good mental health, so that they can perform all aspects of their jobs effectively while avoiding mental health issues and burnout. If you’re a trucker, and plan on being one for the long haul, consider taking advantage of the following tips for maintain ing good mental health.Consider a travel companionIf feasible and allowed, consider a co-pilot whenever you can, to help beat the road isolation that’s common for most truck drivers. A spouse, significant other, or even a pet in the passenger seat can help keep your spirits up when you’re making a long haul.Maintain a strong networkMake sure you’re taking care of your connections with friends and family while you’re on the road. These days it’s easier than ever to stay in contact with loved ones, so make sure you do so, which will help you stay grounded and feel supported through the seemingly endless miles on the road.Maintain a routineMost folks are creatures of routine and usually benefit from having one. A positive daily routine can give your life structure and also help you get things done. Although you spend most of your day behind the wheel, that doesn’t mean you can’t have a routine to stick to, from the moment you wake up unt il you go to bed.Exercise when possibleExercise does not just help keep you in good physical shape; it’s also great for maintaining a positive mental state. Try adding in some physical activity whenever possible to keep your mental health razor sharp.Maintain a good dietJust like exercise, a good diet is more than just good for your body- it’s good for your mental state. Although it can be tough to make healthy eating choices when on the road, do your best to try and you’ll be sure to see the benefits in your energy level, mood, and overall well-being.Bring some comforts from homeAlthough your truck cab may be small, that doesn’t mean you can’t make room for some comforting reminders of home. Some photos, knick-knacks, and small decorations can help keep you feeling positive and comforted when you’re driving.Keep your mind activeKeep your brain active and occupied while driving by listen to music, podcasts, or audiobooks. You can put that dr iving time to good use by expanding your knowledge and horizons.Make good grooming a priorityWhen we take care of ourselves and take the time to look our best, we feel better and our overall mood and outlook improves. Make the time to make good grooming a priority, and you’ll be glad you did.Make the most of your downtimeSure, truckers typically work long hours and have very little downtime. That said, when you do find yourself with some precious moments outside of your truck’s cab, make the most of it. Whenever feasible, get out from behind the steering wheel and enjoy your life.Sure, being a truck driver is hard work, but it doesn’t have to burn you out mentally and physically. Use the tips provided here to maintain a positive mental state when you’re driving, and hopefully you’ll sit happily behind the wheel for a successful career!

Applications of laser technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Applications of laser technology - Essay Example This device has undergone centuries of modifications and up gradations to receive its current state. The term laser is actually an acronym, meaning (L) Light (A) Amplification by (S) Stimulated (E) Emission of (R) Radiation. It is a device which emits light with certain properties that makes it so important for various processes. It stimulates light, which is part of the natural electromagnetic spectrum. The light emitted by a laser device has certain properties which differentiates it from normal light emissions. The light emitted by a laser is monochromatic, that is its wavelength is extremely pure and coherent as well. The light waves emitted by the device are all in a single phase and diverge to a negligible extent. When the beam is focused on a particular point, it exceeds the brightness of the sun thus allowing it to be applicable in several significant procedures. It has taken several procedures and advancements for laser devices to reach their current status. The first actual laser was developed by a well renowned scientist Theodor Maiman who worked at the Hughes Research Laboratory. The first laser he developed was only a level 3 laser developed by a Ruby rod silvered at both ends. However, the working principles had already been derived by Albert Einstein centuries ago with the help of Plank’s laws of radiation. The working principles had been further upgraded by scientists such as Charles H. Townes who had developed a predecessor of Lasers, known as Masers which were developed by Microwaves (Galvana, 2002, p.286). With the development of lasers through time, it has been updated into several hundreds of forms. The various significant types of lasers mainly include diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) lasers, helium neon lasers, air cooled ion lasers, and semi-conductor diode lasers etc. have gained particular significance in recent years of scientific development. The application of these lasers is the biggest aspect to be considered. Medical Applic ations of Lasers Due to further development of science and the adjustment of lasers according to the requirement of the procedure, scientists have put lasers in use of many vital medical processes. Due to its precise, pure and accurate nature surgeries have become even further accurate and authentic. There are several procedures that include lasers as the most vital part of the entire process. The application of laser in medical processes has provided a special breakthrough in the field of optics. LASIK is an extremely important procedure that has been developed for the correction of a person’s cornea in order to cure his eye sight. LASIK stands for Laser in Situ Keratomileusis and has become one of the most renowned processes in modern times. This medical procedure basically consists of three steps. Firstly, the measurement of the cornea is noted which will be extremely important in reshaping the cornea via laser. Then the patient is sedated and his eye lids are held still w ith the help of a scalpel. Then with the help of the laser, which has a high pulse to pulse stability and intensity, the cornea is changed back to its stable shape. Recent advancements have been made which reduces the chance of any error due to eye movement by the reduction of the time required for the procedure (Thyagarajan and Ghatak, 2010, p.471). The use of lasers has also proved extremely vital in case of

Problems and Parallels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Problems and Parallels - Essay Example The species homo erectus was almost human, because it was an advanced hominid which walked upright on two legs. This species disappeared 230,000 years ago and was replaced by homo sapiens. The word sapiens comes from Latin and means â€Å"knowing† and it refers to the larger brain size and greater intelligence of homo sapiens. Humans share a large percentage of their genes with apes and chimpanzees but their larger brain size and differences in the physical structure of their hands and their speaking organs make it easier for humans to adapt and learn new skills like tool use and language. Quite a lot of the social behaviors of humans and apes are similar and some chimpanzees have even been taught to speak sign language, and so the overlap is perhaps bigger than we might expect just by looking at the hairy bodies of other primates. 2. It was once thought that Neanderthals with their larger body size and heavier skulls were an earlier form of humanoid but scholars now accept that they are part of the same species as homo sapiens and probably interbred with the more slender form of human that we resemble today. Archeologists have discovered that the two species overlapped in time by many thousands of years, and it may be that the higher intelligence and better adaptability of anatomically modern humans gradually squeezed the Neanderthals to the edges of the known world until they died out. Homo florensiensis skeletons found just a few years ago have set the scientists rethinking the whole definition of homo sapiens because these tiny 1 meter tall pygmy like people have some similarities with older forms of hominid, and yet apart from their reduced size, seem also very similar to modern humans. They, too, seem to have co-existed with modern humans in the same area at the same time, and may have lasted until about 12,000 years ago, which is longer than the

Position Paper (Education) on Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Position Paper (Education) on Philosophy Essay The word education is defined as the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life, it is also an art of teaching; pedagogics. Education signify the activity, process, or enterprise of educating or being educated and sometimes to signify the discipline or field of study taught in different schools of education that concerns itself with this activity, process and training. Education has many roots, and since the beginning of man, it has been started and knowledge developed and had been passed from one generation to another. Every generation, it is somehow passed on its stock of values, traditions, methods and skill. The passing on of culture is also known as enculturation and the learning of social values and behaviors is socialization. The history of the curricula of such education reflects history itself, the history of knowledge, beliefs, skills and cultures of man. It is somehow complex because it started with survival and then man paints his own ideas as he travels in life and explore what could be done. He then finds himself being curious and begins finding answers to his questions. One example are the findings of archaeologist who studied the past and came to know different kinds of human activities and cultures, in the caves, based on artifacts, they come to know that people start to draw, write symbols which later was translated and was believed that somehow, man came to learn by himself and knowledge is passed on, their practices somehow gave contribution in our life today, in reading, writing, speaking which is related to education. In pre-literate societies, education was carried out orally and through observation. The young first learned informally from their parents, extended family and grandparents as simple as first steps in reading and writing. At later stages they received instruction of a more structured and formal nature, like the school, imparted by people not necessarily related, in the context of initiation, religion or ritual. There are many forms of education, and it has only one goal: to develop knowledge. Let’s take Philosophical education; it is the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education. It is part of the discipline in the sense of being concerned with the articulation, desideratum, arrangement, or results of the process of educating or being educated; or it may be metadisciplinary in the sense of being concerned with the concepts of the discipline, it also aims to investigate the educational significance of philosophy. It all started with the birth of philosophy, in the place of Greece and was spread worldwide. All cultures in all forms; prehistoric, medieval, or modern; Eastern, Western, religious or secular have their own unique schools of philosophy, arrived through both inheritance and through independent discovery. Such theories have flourished from different premises and approaches, examples of which include rationalism (any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification), empiricism (theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.) and even through leaps of faith, hope and inheritance. There may be different kinds of philosophical school, but the goal is to understand the development of philosophical ideas through time. Philosophy of education as such does not describe, compare, or explain any enterprises to systems of education, past or present; except it is concerned with the tracing of its own history, it leaves such delving to the history and sociology of education. Analytical philosophy of education is the logical positivist principle that there are no any specifically philosophical truths and that the basis of philosophy is the logical resolution of thoughts. This may be contrasted with the traditional foundationalism, which considers philosophy as a special, elite science that investigates the fundamental reasons and principles of everything. As an outcome, many analytic philosophers have considered their exploration as continuous with, or subordinate to, those of the natural sciences. It is meta to the discipline of education–to all the inquiries and thinking about education. It comprehends of its task as that of analysis: the definition of educational concepts like teaching, indoctri nation, trait, and ability, and including the concept of education itself. * BODY Philosophical education was traditionally developed by philosophers for example, Aristotle, Augustine, and John Locke Jean Jacques Rousseau, as part of their philosophical systems, in the context of their ethical theories. * Plato Plato’s allegory of the cave in his most important work, the Republic wherein he conceives the following vision: prisoners are chained in such a way that they face the dark and back part of the cave. They have been there for a long time and are like doomed and had nothing to do and has no perception in life. They can see nothing but themselves. They see only shadows of some certain stuff cast by a fire that burnt in a ledge above and behind them which they had no care about, between the fire and the prisoners is a wall line path alon g which people walk carrying vases alongside, they hear echoes of voices. Socrates then supposes that a prisoner is freed and permitted to stand up and explore the cave. Now, he is forced up the â€Å"steep and rugged ascent† (Plato’s allegory of education) and brought outside the sunlit exterior world. But the light blinds him. He must first look at the shadows of the trees, then at the mountains. Finally, he is able to see the sun itself. We are like the prisoners in the cave, still in the darkness not educated and are not yet philosophers. It’s like the cave is our confined world and we are still on our own selves and not merely had explored the outside bright world for our development, and inside the cave we see shadows, hear voices like there is a chaos going on we only implement fear, fear of exploring our own world and its vast approach to us. We are like prisoners in our own life which has no particular benefit to us, we can never attain real knowledge if we do not explore. The journey out the cave is said to be the philosophical education and the prisoner who was unchained is the kind of person who ought to be educated because he explored and find out what is behind the light, he has attained warmth and truth. Through this, one can conclude that most of the human beings would rather live a comfortable, happy and familiar life, than a life full of obstacles and pain, which would ultimately lead them to the larger truths of life. Man is contended with the consensus reality, i.e. the reality agreed by all, even if it is as imaginary and as unreal as the shadows on the walls of the cave man is also contended that they have the security of a family, of a society, of religion around them. However, according to Plato, there will come one questioner, one philosopher, from time to time, who will critically look at himself and the world around him, who will wonder why things are the way they are and then will make his own decisions regarding how things should be and that is being open-minded and being curious. * Jean Jacques Rousseau Jean Jacques Rousseau’s view on education differ to those with Plato, The focus of Émile is upon the individual tuition of a boy/young man in line with the principles of natural education. This focus tends to be what is taken up by later commentators, yet Rousseaus concern with the in dividual is balanced in some of his other writing with the need for public or national education. Rousseau believed it was possible to preserve the original nature of the child by careful control of his education and environment based on an analysis of the different physical and psychological stages through which he passed from birth to maturity. He also believed we can make good citizens out of training. From the first moment of life, men ought to begin learning to deserve to live; he finds himself reasons why he is living. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) Émile (1911 edn.), London: Dent, pp.6. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) Émile (1911 edn.), London: Dent, pp.6. Now each of these factors in education is wholly beyond our control, things are only partly in our power; the education of men is the only one controlled by us; and even here our power is largely illusory, for who can hope to direct every word and deed of all with whom the child has to do. Viewed as an art, the success of education is almost impossible since the essential conditions of success are beyond our control. Our efforts may bring us within sight of the goal, but fortune must favor us if we are to reach it. What is this goal? As we have just shown, it is the goal of nature. Since all three modes of education must work together, the two that we can control must follow the lead of that which is beyond our control. * CONCLUSION Education is really vast. I can say that I agree with both philosophers, all of us should be educated for education is the grounds for gaining knowledge and wisdom. It is an important tool that can be used for the success of your future. The more you are educated while you are young, the better chance youll have at gaining a successful career. Being educated is being well-informed. Once you have made the decision to attain an education, certain virtues must be possessed. You must be motivated by something, whether it is money, power, or just the desire to learn. It is motivation that drives you to learn new things and to expand your horizons. You must prepare for an education. For everything that you want to know, there is something else you need to know first. It’s like before you can be proficient on a piano you must know music, and before you can be proficient on a computer you must learn to use a keyboard and a mouse before you can dance you should have training grounds. Education is the key to success. * BIBLIOGRAPHY * Phaedo, 82c; and The Republic, book VII, 518d, both in Plato, Complete Works, ed. JohnM.Cooper * Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) Émile (1911 edn.), London: Dent, pp.6.

My Antonia Essay: The Role of Men in My Antonia -- My Antonia Essays

The Role of Men in My Antonia Gloria Steinem once wrote that "A woman needs a man like a fish needs a bicycle." Clearly she is attempting to assert women's independence and further the liberation movement. However, her analogy is not quite complete. A bicycle has absolutely no place in a fish's life, but whether she needs him or not, men are very much present in a women's life. While a women can survive without a male influence, his influence shapes much of her personality. This role of man manifests itself in the lives of the women of Black Hawk but most vividly in the form of the working girls. While working in Black Hawk, the hired girls assert their independence from men in practical matters but also proclaim their dependence in defining their personality. Tony, Tiny, Lena, and any other country girl ever to work in town can clearly survive without a male influence. They are, in fact, supporting the men with the funds they send home. However, as each is independent from men for survival, each is still defined by their actions and attitudes toward men. Lena Lingard is most outwardly defined by men. In the fields and the cattle she exists in a male vacuum where she can be wild like the fields around her. Once she is exposed to town life and men, she still retains the wild nature, but it is now covered by a facade of new dresses instead of her earlier rags. "The unusual color of her eyes - a shade of deep violet - and their soft, confiding expression" are no longer representative of her pure nature, but instead an object to be lusted over by men (150). Lena doesn't need men to survive, but she needs men to be beautiful. In similar fashion, the farm physiques of Tiny and Ant... ...back], you're here, like my father. So I won't be lonesome" (256). Those memories of her father and Jim are all that Antonia posses of her past and they are all that shapes her future No woman truly needs a man to sustain life; but men will often shape their future. As clearly shown in My Antonia , men often have an undeniable impact on women's' personalities and choices of lifestyle. Mrs. Steinem's metaphor does not hold. A bicycle has no place in a fish's world, but men and women cannot be separated. Any past action inevitably shapes one's future. If a man exists anywhere in a woman's world he will affect her life whether it be in a positive or negative fashion. The more appropriate metaphor would be something like "Women need men like a fish needs nuclear waste". You certainly don't need it, but if it's there, it's going to have an impact on your life.

Eth 125 Define Race and Ethnicity Essay

It is hard to define the term race as in reference to human beings. It is often described as a subclass of a species. It is often said that different races cannot interbreed with other races within that species. This would make one believe that we do not have different races within the human species but yet every harassment and discrimination class or training I have ever had it clearly states that we are not to discriminate against different races. People often use this term to describe a person’s differences. I believe that we have been using this term incorrectly. There is only one race and that is the human race. Ethnicity is an easier term to define. I believe ethnicity is a combination of culture and genetics. It is how we should describe the differences in each other. I believe that these concepts are important to the United States society because it has always been this way. People do not like change and changing the way we classify a certain group of people is a huge step towards change. I believe this all started as a way to oppress people; a way to make one set of people feel more powerful then another. For example, when African-Americans came here, the white people asserted dominance on them based off of the color of their skin. The white man truly believed that they were better. The sad reality is that there are still some people today who feel this to be true.

Coffee Drinking Habits Essay

Kantar Media’s Global TGI research (www. globaltgi. com) has explored coffee consumption in different countries, as branches of global coffee house chains become a permanent fixture in even the most far-flung corners of the world. Perhaps surprisingly for a nation once renowned for its tea-drinking, consumers in Great Britain are some of the most likely to visit a cafe for their caffeine fix, report researchers. They share this position with Italians and, among the eight countries analysed, are beaten only by people in Israel, where 75% of respondents visit coffee shops, reports Kantar. The research also reveals the ongoing debate as to the virtues of instant versus filter coffee is alive and well. Whereas 86% of Italians drink ‘proper’ coffee, only 6% of them will consider using instant. Israelis are the highest consumers of instant coffee at 80%, followed by Russians at 72%. Great Britain and Turkey scored low on the ground coffee scale, with 19% and 15% respectively. This research confirms in GB people tend to go to coffee shops for the ‘real deal’ and are generally content with instant coffee at home, said Kantar. Drinking coffee, whether at home or in a cafe, instant or filter, is a global pastime,† said Tracy Allnutt, head of commercial development at Global TGI. â€Å"Global TGI provides brand owners with a flavour for how their marketing strategies should differ by country in order that they reflect the needs of the target market. † The research is the first in a series of ‘Factoids’ produced by Kantar Media’s Global TGI. Scheduled bi-monthly and covering topical issues, they will provide bite-size pieces of information for brand managers in between the more in-depth Dispatches reports undertaken by the company.

Free Essays on Sugar

Sugar: It’s Tremendous Effect on a Nation From the earliest of times humans have used and traded in sugar. The sugar cane was first domesticated in New Guinna, taking place around 8000B.C. This early form of sugar was not the refined sugar that we know today, this was introduced into Europe in the 8th century, and was taken into England by the crusaders. As it was taxed from 1685 until 1874, its use did not become widespread. For instance, individual yearly consumption in Britain in 1800 was estimated as 18lbs per person. Thirty years later, sugar consumption rose two hundred and thirty three percent. No other food in world history has achieved such a large growth and consumption rate among people. Unfortunately, sugar raised many moral issues for the people involved in it’s trade and cultivation (namely slavery) but somehow managed to become a staple food in many diets across England at an alarming rate. Britain was especially affected by the introduction of sugar into society and while it became the fastest growing commodity ever in England, there were factors that cut short the rapid rise of sugar. Slavery and the introduction of the sugar beet are two of the factors involved with the complex history of the British sugar cane industry which overcame both dilemmas. Sugar, the sweet and tasty additive to many foods we consume today affected Britain in more ways than giving little children cavities. Sugar is a crop that put serious strain on a nations social, economic, and political practices, and would prove to be one of the most important crops in human history. In general Britain’s connection with sugar cane was linked irrevocably with black slavery. However, slavery was not a practice started by white Europeans. It had existed throughout history and in most cultures. In the Americas the Spanish started importing African slaves in 1517. They had originally forced the local native people to work in the mines a... Free Essays on Sugar Free Essays on Sugar Sugar: It’s Tremendous Effect on a Nation From the earliest of times humans have used and traded in sugar. The sugar cane was first domesticated in New Guinna, taking place around 8000B.C. This early form of sugar was not the refined sugar that we know today, this was introduced into Europe in the 8th century, and was taken into England by the crusaders. As it was taxed from 1685 until 1874, its use did not become widespread. For instance, individual yearly consumption in Britain in 1800 was estimated as 18lbs per person. Thirty years later, sugar consumption rose two hundred and thirty three percent. No other food in world history has achieved such a large growth and consumption rate among people. Unfortunately, sugar raised many moral issues for the people involved in it’s trade and cultivation (namely slavery) but somehow managed to become a staple food in many diets across England at an alarming rate. Britain was especially affected by the introduction of sugar into society and while it became the fastest growing commodity ever in England, there were factors that cut short the rapid rise of sugar. Slavery and the introduction of the sugar beet are two of the factors involved with the complex history of the British sugar cane industry which overcame both dilemmas. Sugar, the sweet and tasty additive to many foods we consume today affected Britain in more ways than giving little children cavities. Sugar is a crop that put serious strain on a nations social, economic, and political practices, and would prove to be one of the most important crops in human history. In general Britain’s connection with sugar cane was linked irrevocably with black slavery. However, slavery was not a practice started by white Europeans. It had existed throughout history and in most cultures. In the Americas the Spanish started importing African slaves in 1517. They had originally forced the local native people to work in the mines a...

Alexander - Movie Historical Accuracy

Alexander Movie Historical Accuracy Essay Alexander the Great Who is Alexander and why is he so great? Born in Pella in 356 BC (Central Macedonia, Greece) Alexander was one of the most successful military commanders in history, winning his first battle at the age of 16. By the age of 20 he was the king of his homeland Macedonia succeeding his father Philip II after he was assassinated. By 25 Alexander had conquered the known world (from Greece, Egypt to Pakistan). British Historian Tom Holland described him as ‘the ultimate conqueror’ The Film The film is based on Alexander the Great, the military commander and King of Macedonia, and his life experiences, hardships and triumphs. Directed by Oliver Stone, the cast included Colin Farrell, Anthony Hopkins, Angelina Jolie, Val Kilmer and Jared Leto and was shot in locations such as England, Morocco and Thailand. Overall the historical action film received poor ratings. 16% from Rotten Tomatoes, 2/4 from Roger Ebert, 5.5/10 from IMDb and 39% from Metacritic. Bucephalus Alexander commemorated his conquests by naming over 70 military forts Alexandria, after himself and 1 Bucephala for his horse Bucephalus. Bucephalus originally was strong and untameable by even King Phillips best riders however a 13 year old Alexander tames the stallion, realising the horse is afraid of its own shadow he turns it towards the sun. Bucephalus served Alexander in numerous battles but died due to fatal injuries at the Battle of the Hydaspes (June 326 BC). The film captures the taming and death of Bucephalus perfectly according to historical accounts in 344 BC. Ptolemy The film begins with Ptolemy as he narrates Alexanders story, reciting his memories to a scribe in Alexandria, Egypt. Ptolemy (367 BC – c. 283 BC) actually fought alongside Alexander in his conquests as a Macedonian general and became ruler of Egypt in 323 BC. In the film Ptolemy refers to the hero as â€Å"Alexander the Great,† however history shows that the â€Å"Great† was not added until much later, in Roman times. Alexanders Parents Stone recreated the scarred right eye of Alexanders father, Philip II as he lost his eye to a Greek arrow during the siege of Methone in 354B.C. Alexanders mother Olympias convinced Alexander that Phillip was not his father and that he was the son of Zeus himself, when one night in the form of a snake he impregnated her. Angelina Jolie’s portrayal is very historically similar to Olympias, who was the fourth of Philips seven wives and was believed to kill Philip or hire someone to kill him in 336 BC. Battle Scene Alexander had to fight the battle of Granicus, Siege of Tyre, Issus and Gaugamela to eventually beat King Darius however the film only has 1 battle which is actually an amalgamation of two battles fought between the them (Gaugamela and Issus). The Macedonian military equipment seen in the battle was accurately reproduced due to the director’s historical consultant Fiona Greenland, an oxford graduate. However in the film, Alexander wore a lions-head helmet. According to Plutarch, Alexander wore a burnished iron helmet molded for him by the Greek craftsman Theophilus. Stone apparently decided to fashion a battle helmet based on later representation of Alexander as Heracles. Additionally there is an outstanding representation of the Macedonian infantry phalanx wielding their 17ft long spears. Before the Battle Before the battle, Alexander says to the Macedonians â€Å"for the glory of Greece.† Ancient sources however write that Alexander didn’t fight for Greece but for Macedonia. Three ancient historians detailed Alexander’s speech to the army before the battle and each one of them made a clear distinction between Greeks, Macedonians, Thracians and Illyrians as four distinct civilizations that made Alexanders army. This created confusion throughout Oliver Stone’s film whether the people from Macedon differed from other Greeks. Ironically the film synopsis indicates a distinction between Macedonians and Greeks. It reads: â€Å"Alexander led his virtually invincible Greek and Macedonian troops.† http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGreat.html http://www.biography.com/people/alexander-the-great-9180468 http://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-the-Great http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/alexander_the_great.shtml http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/alexander-the-great http://www.ancient.eu/Alexander_the_Great/ http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/alexanderdeath.htm http://www.sbs.com.au/ondemand/video/472665667520/secret-life-of-alexander-the-great https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_the_Great https://www.archaeological.org/pdfs/papers/AIA_Alexander_Review.pdf http://www.boxofficemojo.com/features/?id=1601 http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AlexanderOliverStone.html http://www.moviemistakes.com/film4636/corrections https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_(2004_film) https://prezi.com/i_s3bsfd388w/was-the-movie-alexander-the-great-historically-accurate-and/ https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070520132655AAvGt9v http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0346491/ Books: Jennifer Lawlwss Unlocking the past: Preliminary Studies in the Ancient World (1996) Jennifer Lawlwss Unlocking the past: 2nd Edition Toni Hurley Antiquity textbook Louise Chipley Slavicek Heroes and Villains: Alexander the Great (2005) Michael Wood In the footsteps of Alexander the Great (2001) Laura Foreman – The epic story of the warrior king Alexander the Conqueror Steven Pressfield The Virtues of War: A Novel of Alexander the Great (2004) Paul Anthony Cartledge Alexander the Great (2004) Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprià ¨re Hammond The Genius of Alexander the Great (1997) Michael Alvear Alexander the Great: The Man Who Brought the World to Its Knees (2004)

Writer's Choice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Writer's Choice - Assignment Example This is because companies produce their goods to target the global market and sourcing is a core consideration (Lechner & Boli, 2011) Future global sourcing will depend on negotiated worldwide performance parameters, a globally incorporated market system as well incorporation of global professionalism especially in marketing, human resource, engineering and source groups. One effect of sourcing globally is that companies no longer source components but rather source in systems and services. This is important to companies because they not only have to produce affordable goods for the global market, but the goods need to be of right quality and standard. Companies which source systems therefore have an easier way of controlling quality and price. Another effect of global sourcing is that as much as companies would still prefer traditionally cheaper markets of China, Eastern Europe and India, they cautiously check the unknown costs that arise from sourcing in these markets (Lechner & Boli, 2011) The articles relate to the week’s topic because they fulfill the objective of evaluating how organizations can control cost of production by ensuring that standards and quality are observed when sourcing from a global market. This results in production of quality goods and services which meet global standards and consumed by a global market. Prior to buying of a system or even a product, purchasers usually would be interested in finding out an estimation of the total of direct as well as indirect charges included in a specific transaction. The comprehensive figure is what is called a Total Cost of Ownership. One main challenge that organizations go through while implementing a Total Cost Measurement system is the length of time required to come up with a comprehensive Total Cost Measurement System. This is because organizations have to go through

Critical Thinking Week 5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Critical Thinking Week 5 - Research Paper Example The downsizing was managed successfully in a way that job cuts were necessary and it was in the employee’s best interest to accept a buy out for their job. Events to handle the situation were what had to be done and managed in the best manner. The management leading up to the downsizing could have been handled better and prevented such a large loss. Challenges still remain in the auto industry in the sense that the auto industry has a lot of making up to do. Since filing bankruptcy, consumers and employees can no longer put their trust in the industry. The Force Field analysis website shows great tools that can be used to change initiative. The tool could be used in a change initiative at work for many different scenarios. The tool would be used during a strategic analysis project. A SWOT analysis could be performed and used as a tool to analyze whether or not there is more or less opposing forces for the change. The SWOT analysis will show strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. These different areas can show where there is the less resistance and the most intensity. This can be very beneficial to changing initiative in the work place and can apply to many

Professional Devlopment- Research report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Professional Devlopment- Research report - Essay Example This is crucial everywhere, especially at children’s settings as they are the practitioners’ responsibility. Therefore as a teacher, it is crucial to provide a supportive classroom environment suitable for children to engage in learning through creation of more lasting memory arising from brain involvement (McGaugh, 2003). In engaged learning, the focus of the teacher should be to connect new information to what is known already instead of teaching pupils in isolation (Helm, 2008, p. 2). Helm (2008) also reveals a project approach as one of the means of engaged-learning that enables students to bond the convention knowledge and skills with the world they live. According to the national Union of Teachers (2012-13), the professional duties of teachers are set out in detail in the School Teachers’ Pay and Conditions Document. It requires teachers to undertake a wide range of duties including in particular planning and teaching lessons, reporting on pupils’ pr ogress, maintaining good order and discipline, preparation of pupils for examination, collaborating with colleagues, safeguarding pupil health and safety. Practitioners need to provide various methods of effective learning as all children’s have different needs to be met. This can include singing, classroom toys, various games and physical movements. The role of the teachers is to help the child reach the milestone and reach their development stage. To do so it is essential to have a strong relationship with parents where they can communicate regarding the child’s feedback on their progress, share observations and discuss what can be done further. Current research from the Department of education (2013) (see appendix 1) shows that as of November 2012, there were 442,000 teachers - 4,000 up on November 2011. That is 7,800 higher than in 2005, and 36,200 higher than in 2000. , therefore the expectations for applying for a teaching job has

Reserve Bank Of India English Language Essay

Reserve Bank Of India English Language Essay The central bank of the country is the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). It was established in April 1935 with a share capital of Rs. 5 crores on the basis of the recommendations of the Hilton Young Commission. The share capital was divided into shares of Rs. 100 each fully paid which was entirely owned by private shareholders in the begining. The Government held shares of nominal value of Rs. 2,20,000. Reserve Bank of India was nationalised in the year 1949. The general superintendence and direction of the Bank is entrusted to Central Board of Directors of 20 members, the Governor and four Deputy Governors, one Government official from the Ministry of Finance. Ten nominated Directors by the Government to give representation to important elements in the economic life of the country, and four nominated Directors by the Central Government to represent the four local Boards with the headquarters at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and New Delhi. Local Boards consist of five members each Central Government appointed for a term of four years to represent territorial and economic interests and the interests of co-operative and indigenous bank. The Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 was commenced on April 1, 1935. The Act, 1934 (II of 1934) provides the statutory basis of the functioning of the Bank. The Bank was constituted for the need of following: To regulate the issue of banknotes To maintain reserves with a view to securing monetary stability and To operate the credit and currency system of the country to its advantage. Indian currency The Currency Department in RBI attends to the core statutory function of note and coin issue and currency management. This involves forecasting the demand for fresh notes and coins, placing the indent with four printing presses and mints, receiving supplies against those indents and distributing them through the 18 offices of the Bank, a wide network of currency chests Repositories and small coin depots. The Department also keeps an account of notes in circulation and also the stocks at RBI offices and currency chests. Bank notes The Reserve Bank has the sole authority to issue banknotes in India. Reserve Bank, like other central banks the world over, changes the design of banknotes From time to time. The Reserve Bank has introduced banknotes in the Mahatma Gandhi Series since 1996 and has so far issued notes in the denominations of Rs.5, Rs.10, Rs.20, Rs.50, Rs.100, Rs.500, and Rs.1000 in this series. Function of reserve bank of india Bank of issue Under Section 22 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, the Bank has the sole right to issue bank notes of all denominations. The distribution of one rupee notes and coins and small coins all over the country is undertaken by the Reserve Bank as agent of the Government. The Reserve Bank has a separate Issue Department which is entrusted with the issue of currency notes. The assets and liabilities of the Issue Department are kept separate from those of the Banking Department. Originally, the assets of the Issue Department were to consist of not less than two-fifths of gold coin, gold bullion or sterling securities provided the amount of gold was not less than Rs. 40 crores in value. The remaining three-fifths of the assets might be held in rupee coins, Government of India rupee securities, eligible bills of exchange and promissory notes Payable in India. Due to the exigencies of the Second World War and the post-was period, these provisions were considerably modified. Since 1957, the Reserve Bank of India is required to maintain gold and foreign exchange reserves of Ra. 200 crores, of which at least Rs. 115 crores should be in gold. The system as it exists today is known as the minimum reserve system. CONCEPT AND MEANING of deficit financing Deficit financing refers to means of financing the deliberate excess of expenditure Over income through printing of currency notes or through borrowings. The term is also generally used to refer to the financing of a planned deficit whether operated by a government in its domestic affairs or with reference to balance of payment deficit. In the West, the phrase Deficit financing has been used to describe the financing of a deliberately created gap between public revenue and expenditure or a budgetary deficit. This gap is filled up by government borrowings which include all the sources of public borrowings viz., from people, commercial banks and the Central Bank. In this manner idle savings in the country are made active. This increases employment and output. But according to Indian budgetary documents government resorting to borrowing From the public and the commercial banks does not come under deficit financing. These are included under the head of Market Borrowings and government spending to the extent of its market borrowings does not result in or lead to deficit financing. In the Indian context, public expenditure, which is financed by borrowing from the public, commercial banks are excluded from deficit financing. While borrowing from the central bank of the country, withdrawal of accumulated cash balances and issue of new currency are included within its purview. Deficit financing in Indian context occurs when there are budgetary deficits. Let us Now discuss the meaning of budgetary deficit. Budgetary deficit refers to the excess of total expenditure (both revenue and capital) over total receipts (both revenue and capital). In the words of the First Plan document, the term deficit financing is used to denote the direct addition to gross national expenditure through budget deficits, whether the deficits are on revenue or on capital account. The essence of such a policy I lies, therefore, in government spending in excess of the revenue it receives in the Shape of taxes, earnings of state enterprises, loans from the public, deposits and funds and other miscellaneous sources. The government may cover the deficit either by running down its accumulated balances or by borrowing from the banking system (Mainly from the Central Bank of the country) and thus creating money. Thus, the government tackles the deficit financing through approaching the Central Bank of the country i.e. Reserve Bank of India and commercial banks for credit and also by withdrawing its cash balances from the Central Bank. The magnitude of actual budget deficit during the seventh plan had been of the order of Rs. 29,503 crore (at 1984-85 prices) which was more than double the estimate of Rs. 14,000 crore. The Budget for 1990-91 laid stress on limiting the size of the budget Deficit through containment of expenditure growth and better tax compliance. The budget programmed a deficit of Rs. 1,10,592 crore in 1989-90. The revised estimates for the year 1990-91 placed the budgetary deficit at Rs. 10,772 crore which is nearly 50% higher than the budget estimate. Proper financial management demands that the revenue receipts of the government, which are in the shape of taxes, loans from the public, earnings of the state enterprises etc., should not only meet the revenue expenditure but also leave a surplus for financing the plan. Contrary to this deficits on revenue account are growing year after year. For example the revised estimates place the deficit on revenue account during 1990-91 at Rs. 17,585 crore as against the budget deficit of Rs. 10,772 crore. A higher revenue deficit implies higher borrowed resources to cover the deficit leading to higher interest payments thus creating a sort of vicious circle. ROLE OF DEFICIT FINANCING AS AN AID TO FINANCING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Deficit financing has been resorted to during three different situations in which objectives and impact of deficit financing are quite different. These three situations are war, depression and economic development. Deficit financing during war Deficit financing has its historical origin in wlr finance. At the time of war, almost every government has to spend more than its revenue receipts from taxes and borrowings. Government has to create new money (printed notes or borrowing from the Central Bank) in order to meet the requirements of war finance. Deficit financing during war is always inflationary because monetary incomes and demand for consumption goods rise but usually there is shortage of supply of consumption goods. Deficit financing during depression The use of deficit financing during times of depression to boost the economy got impetus during the great depression of the thirties. It was Keynes who established a positive role for deficit financing in industrial economy during the period of depression. It was advocated that during depression, government should resort to Construction of public works wherein purchasing power would go into the hands of people and thereby demand would be stimulated. This will help in fuller utilization of already existing but temporarily idle plants and machinery. Deficit spending by the government during depression helps to start the stagnant wheels of productive machinery and thus promotes prosperity. Deficit financing and economic development Deficit financing for development, like depression deficit financing, provides stimulus to economic growth by financing investment, employment and output in the economy. On the other hand development deficit financing resembles war deficit financing in its effect on the economy. Both are inflationary though the reasons for price rise in both the cases are quite different. When government resorts to deficit financing for development, large sums are invested in basic heavy industries with long gestation periods and in economic and social overheads. This leads to immediate rise in monetary incomes while production of consumption goods cannot be increased immediately with the result that prices go up. It is also called the inflationary way of financing development. However, it helps rapid capital formation for economic development. Inflation may occur if the government of country prints money in excess that what is actually required, to deal with financial emergencies. This results in the escalation of the prices with rapidity, to keep pace with the currency surplus. This situation is known as the Demand- Pull, which is characterized by forceful escalation of the prices, owing to a higher demand. That is deficit inflation. Deficit Inflation. It is the inflation caused by deficit financing. When the government budgets contain heavy deficit financing, through creating new money, the purchasing power in the community increases and prices rise. This may be referred as to as deficit-induced inflation. During a planning era, when government launches upon heavy investment, it usually resorts to deficit financing, when adequate resources are not found. An inflationary spiral develops due to deficit financing, when adequate resources are not found. An inflationary spiral develops due to deficit financing, when the production of consumption goods fails to keep pace with the increased money expenditure. CAUSES OF DEFICIT INFLATION Deficit Financing In order to meet its mounting expense the government resorts to deficit financing by borrowing from the public and even by printing more notes. This raises aggregate demand ill relation. to aggregate supply, thereby leading to inflationary rise in prices. This .is also known as deficit induced inflation. Increase in Money Supply. Inflation is caused by an increase in the supply of money which. leads to increase in aggregate demand. The higher the growth rate of the nominal money supply, the higher is the rate of inflation. Modern quantity theorists do not believe that true inflation starts after the full employment level. This view is realistic because all advanced countries are faced with high levels of unemployment and high rates of inflation. EFFECTS OF INFLATION Inflation affects different people differently. This is because of the fall in the value of money. When price rises or the value of money falls, some groups of the society gain, some lose and some stand in between. Broadly speaking, there lire two economic. Groups in every society, the fixed income group and the flexible income group. People belonging to the first group loss and those belonging to the second group gain. The reason is that the price movements in the case of different goods, services, assets, etc. are not uniform. When there is inflation, most prices are rising, but the rates of increase of individual prices differ much. Prices of some goods and services rise faster, of others slowly and of still others remain unchanged. We discuss below the effects of inflation on redistribution of income and wealth, production, and on the society as a whole. The society who suffered with loss Salaried Persons. Salaried workers such as clerks, teachers, and other white collar persons lose when there is inflation. The reason is that their salaries are slow to adjust when prices are rising. Wage Earners. Wage earners may gain or lose depending upon the speed with which their wages adjust to rising prices. If their unions are strong, they may get their wages linked to the living index. In this way, they may be able to protect themselves from the bad effects of inflation. But the problem is that there is often a time lag between the raising of wages by employers and the rise in prices. So workers lose because by the time wages are raised, the cost of living index may have increased further. But where the unions have entered into contractual wages for a fixed period, the workers lose when prices continue to rise during the period of contract. On the whole, the wage earners are in the same position as the while collar persons. Fixed Income Group. The recipients of transfer payments such as pensions, unemployment insurance, social security, etc. and recipients of interest and rent live on fixed incomes. Pensioners get fixed pensions. Similarly the rentier class consisting of interest and rent receivers get fixed payments. The same is the case with the holders of fixed interest bearing securities, debentures and deposits. All such persons lose because they receive fixed payments, while the value of money continues to fall with rising prices. Among these groups, the recipients of transfer payments belong to the lower income group and the rentier class to the upper income group. Inflation redistributes income from these two groups towards the middle income group comprising traders and businessmen. Agriculturists. Agriculturists are of three types, landlords, peasant proprietors, and landless agricultural workers. Landlords lose during rising prices because they get fixed rents. But peasant proprietors who own and cultivate their farms gain. Prices of farm products increase more than the cost of production. For prices of inputs and land revenue do not rise to the same extent as the rise in the prices of farm products. On the other hand, the landless agricultural workers are hit hard by rising prices. Their wages are not raised by the farm owners, because trade unionism is absent among them. But the prices of con-sumer goods rise rapidly. So landless agricultural workers are losers. The society who got profit Businessman. Business of all types, such as producers, traders and real estate holders gain during periods of rising prices. Take producers first. When prices are rising, the value of their inventories (goods in stock) rise in the same proportion. So they profit more when they sell their stored commodities. Equity Holders Persons who hold shares or stocks of companies gain during inflation. For when prices are rising, business activities expand which increase profits of companies. As profits increase, dividends on equities also increase at a faster rate than prices. REASON OF WHY DO NOT PRINT MORE MONEY:- After the print of more money inflation will came in economy and mostly middle classes and poor people can suffered with inflation because, incomes of the rich have increased and middle and poor classes have declined with inflation. Inflation brings about shifts in the distribution of real income from those whose money incomes relatively inflexible to those whose money incomes are relatively flexible. The poor and middle classes suffer because their wages and salaries are more or less fixed but the prices of commodities continue to rise. They become more impoverished. On the other hand, businessmen, industrialists, traders, real estate holders, speculators, and others with variable incomes gain during rising price The latter category of persons become rich at the cost of the former group. There is unjustified transfer of income and wealth from the poor to the rich. As a result the rich roll in wealth and indulge in conspicuous consumption, while the poor and middle classes live in abject misery and poverty. Conclusion:- By the study of above things we got conclusion if the government print more money than may economy can trap in inflation and poverty may be increases broadly because, middle classes and poor people can suffered with inflation because, incomes of the rich have increased and middle and poor classes have declined with inflation. Inflation brings about shifts in the distribution of real income from those whose money incomes relatively inflexible to those whose money incomes are relatively flexible. REFERENCE:- RBI:- http://finance.indiamart.com/investment_in_india/rbi.html INDIAN CURRENCY:- http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/faqs.html BANK NOTES:- http://finance.indiamart.com/investment_in_india/rbi.html FUNCTION OF RBI:- http://finance.indiamart.com/investment_in_india/rbi.html DEFICIT FINANCING:- http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/25383/1/Unit-14.pdf ROLE OF DEFICIT FINANCING:- http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/25383/1/Unit-14.pdf DEFICIT INFILATION:- http://www.managementparadise.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-50041.html CAUSES OF DEFICIT INFILATION:- http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/PDFs/90018.pdfhttp://www.psnacet.edu.in/courses/MBA/economics%20notes/14.pdf EFFECT OF INFILATION:- http://www.psnacet.edu.in/courses/MBA/economics%20notes/14.pdf REASON:- http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/25383/1/Unit-14.pdf